Chapter 4: Geometrical Optics

Example 4.2, Page 191

In [2]:
from math import *

#Variable declaration
r = 1;  # For convenience assume radius of the circle to be unity, unit
alpha = 0.8*r;  # Distance of light source from the centre of the spherical shell, unit

#Calculations
cos_phi_by_2 = sqrt((alpha+1)/(4*alpha));

#Result
print "cos(phi/2) = %d/4"%(cos_phi_by_2*4)

cos(phi/2) = 3/4

Example 4.3, Page 193

In [33]:
#Variable declaration
f1 = 5.;  # Focal length of thin convex lens, cm 
f2 = 3.;  # Focal length of thin convex lens, cm 
d = 2.;   # Separation between the lenses, cm

#Calculations
F = (1./f1)+(1./f2)-(d/(f1*f2));  # Equivalent focal length of a combination of the two lenses, cm

#Result
print "The equivalent focal length of the combination of lenses = %3.1f cm"%F
#incorrect answers in the textbook

The equivalent focal length of the combination of lenses = 0.4 cm

Example 4.4, Page 194

In [4]:
#Variable declaration
P1 = 5;  # Power of first converging lens, diopter
P2 = 4;  # Power of second converging lens, diopter
d = 0.1;  # Separation distance between two lenses, cm

#Calculations
P = P1+P2-d*P1*P2;
f = 1/P*100;  # The corresponding value of the focal length of the lens combination, cm

#Result
print "The focal length of the combination of lenses of given powers = %5.2f cm"%f

The focal length of the combination of lenses of given powers = 14.29 cm

Example 4.5, Page 194

In [34]:
#Variable declaration
f1 = 30.;  # Focal length first convex lens, cm 
f2 = -50.;  # Focal length of second convex lens, cm 
d = 20.;  # Separation distance between lenses, cm  

#Calculations
F = f1*f2/(f1+f2-d);  # Equivalent focal length of a combination of the two lenses, cm

#Result
print "The equivalent focal length of the combination = %4.1f cm"%F

The equivalent focal length of the combination = 37.5 cm

Example 4.7, Page 195

In [35]:
#Variable declaration
f1 = 4.;  # Focal length of thin convex lens, cm 
f2 = 12.;  # Focal length of thin convex lens, cm 
d = 8.;  # Separation distance between the lenses, cm

#Calculations&Results
F = f1*f2/(f1+f2-d);  # Equivalent focal length of the combination, cm
L1H1 = d*F/f2;    # Distance of first principal point H1 from first lens, cm
print "The distance of the first principal point H1 from the first lens = %d cm"%L1H1
L2H2 = -d*F/f1;    # Distance of first principal point H2 from second lens, cm
print "The distance of the second principal point H2 from the second lens = %d cm"%L2H2
L1F1 = -F*(1-d/f2);    # Distance of first focal point F1 from first lens, cm
print "The distance of the first focal point F1 from the first lens = %d cm"%L1F1
L2F2 = F*(1-d/f1);    # Distance of second focal point F2 from first lens, cm
print "The distance of the second focal point F2 from the second lens= %d cm"%L2F2

The distance of the first principal point H1 from the first lens = 4 cm
The distance of the second principal point H2 from the second lens = -12 cm
The distance of the first focal point F1 from the first lens = -2 cm
The distance of the second focal point F2 from the second lens= -6 cm

Example 4.8, Page 195

In [36]:
#Variable declaration
f1 = 25.;  # Focal length of thin convex lens, cm 
f2 = -15.;  # Focal length of thin concave lens, cm 
d = 15.;  # Separation distance between the lenses, cm  

#Calculations&Results
# We know that, F = f1*f2/f1+f2-d then
F = f1*f2/(f1+f2-d);  # The equivalent focal length of the combination
L1H1 = d*F/f2;    # The distance of the first principal point H1 from the first lens, cm
print "The distance of the first principal point H1 from the first lens = %d cm"%L1H1
L2H2 = -d*F/f1;    # The distance of the second principal point H2 from the first lens, cm
print "The distance of the second principal point H2 from the second lens = %d cm"%L2H2
L1F1 = -F*(1-d/f2);    # The distance of the first focal point F1 from the first lens, cm
print "The distance of the first focal point H1 from the first lens = %d cm"%L1F1
L2F2 = F*(1-d/f1);    # The distance of the second principal point F2 from the first lens, cm
print "The distance of the second focal point H2 from the second lens= %d cm"%L2F2

The distance of the first principal point H1 from the first lens = -75 cm
The distance of the second principal point H2 from the second lens = -45 cm
The distance of the first focal point H1 from the first lens = -150 cm
The distance of the second focal point H2 from the second lens= 30 cm

Example 4.9, Page 196

In [2]:
import math 
from scipy.linalg import solve
from numpy import *

#Variable declaration
w1 = 0.024;  # Magnitude of the print ersive power of first lens
w2 = 0.036;  # Magnitude of the print ersive power of second lens

#Calculations
# Let 1/f1 = x and 1/f2 = y, then
# The condition for achromatic combination of two lenses, w1/f1 + w2/f2 = 0 => w1*x + w2*y = 0    --- [i]
F = 90.;  # Given focal length, cm
# Also F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 => F = x + y    ---- (II)
A = array([[w1 ,w2],[ 1, 1]]);      # Square matrix
B = array([0,1/F]);    # Column vector
X = solve(A,B)
f1 = 1/X[0];    # Focal length of convex lens, cm
f2 = 1/X[1];    # Focal length of concave lens, cm

#Results
print "The focal length of convex lens = %.f cm"%((f1))
print "The focal length of concave lens = %.f cm"%((f2))

The focal length of convex lens = 30 cm
The focal length of concave lens = -45 cm

Example 4.10, Page 197

In [17]:
import math 
from scipy.linalg import solve
from numpy import *


#Variable declaration
w1 = 0.02;  # Magnitude of the dispersive power of first lens
w2 = 0.04;  # Magnitude of the dispersive power of second lens

#Calculations
# Let 1/f1 = x and 1/f2 = y, then
# The condition for achromatic combination of two lenses, w1/f1 + w2/f2 = 0 => w1*x + w2*y = 0    --- (I)
F = 20.;  # Given focal length of achromatic doublet, cm
# Also F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 => F = x + y    ---- (II)
A = [[w1, w2], [1, 1]];      # Square matrix
B = [0,1/F];    # Column vector
X = solve(A,B);    # Characteristic roots of the simultaneous equations, cm
f1 = 1/X[0];    # Focal length of convex lens, cm
f2 = 1/X[1];    # Focal length of concave lens, cm

#Results
print "The focal length of convex lens = %2d cm"%(ceil(f1))
print "The focal length of concave lens = %2d cm"%(ceil(f2))

The focal length of convex lens = 10 cm
The focal length of concave lens = -20 cm

Example 4.11, Page 197

In [18]:
import math 
from numpy import *
from scipy.linalg import solve
#Variable declaration
w1 = 0.017;  # Magnitude of the print ersive power of first lens
w2 = 0.034;  # Magnitude of the print ersive power of second lens


# Let 1/f1 = x and 1/f2 = y, then
# The condition for achromatic combination of two lenses, w1/f1 + w2/f2 = 0 => w1*x + w2*y = 0    --- [i]
F = 40.;  # Given focal length of achromatic doublet, cm
# Also F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 => F = x + y    ---- (II)
A = [[w1, w2],[ 1, 1]];      # Square matrix
B = [0,1/F];    # Column vector
X = solve(A,B);    # Characteristic roots of the simulmath.taneous equations, cm
f1 = 1/X[0];    # Focal length of convex lens, cm
f2 = 1/X[1];    # Focal length of concave lens, cm
# For the convex lens
R2 = -25.;    # Radius of curvature of the contact surface, cm 
mu = 1.5;    # Mean refractive index of crown glass
# From the Lens Maker formula, 1/f = (mu - 1)*(1/R1-1/R2), solving for R1
f = f1;
R1 = 1/(1/(f*(mu-1))+1/R2);    # Radius of curvature of second surface of first lens, cm
print "The radius of curvature of second surface of first lens = %5.2f cm"%R1
# For the concave lens
R1 = -25.;    # Radius of curvature of the contact surface, cm 
mu = 1.7;    # Mean refractive index of flint glass
# From the Lens Maker formula, 1/f = (mu - 1)*(1/R1-1/R2), solving for R1
f = f2;
R2 = 1/(1/R1-1/(f*(mu-1)));    # Radius of curvature of second surface of second lens, cm
print "The radius of curvature of second surface of second lens = %5.2f cm"%R2

The radius of curvature of second surface of first lens = 16.67 cm
The radius of curvature of second surface of second lens = -233.33 cm

Example 4.12, Page 199

In [37]:
#Variable declaration
# For flint glass
mu_C = 1.665;    # Refractive index of flint glass for C line
mu_F = 1.700;    # Refractive index of flint glass for F line

#Calculations
mu_D = (mu_F+mu_C)/2;    # Refractive index of flint glass for D line
w2 = (mu_F-mu_C)/(mu_D-1);  # Magnitude of the dispersive power of second lens of flint glass
# For crown glass
mu_C = 1.510;    # Refractive index of crown glass for C line
mu_F = 1.536;    # Refractive index of crown glass for F line
mu_D = (mu_F+mu_C)/2;    # Refractive index of flint glass for D line
w1 = (mu_F-mu_C)/(mu_D-1);  # Magnitude of the dispersive power of second lens of crown glass
f = 50.;    # Focal length of acromatic doublet, cm
FD = f*(w2-w1)/w2;    # Focal length of D line of the Fraunhofer spectrum due to convex lens of crown glass
FC = FD*(mu_D - 1)/(mu_C - 1);    # Focal length of C component of converging lens, cm

#Result
print "The focal length of C component of converging lens = %4.2f cm"%FC
#rounding-off error

The focal length of C component of converging lens = 1.57 cm

Example 4.13, Page 200

In [40]:
#Variable declaration
F = 50.;  # Equivalent focal length of combination of two lenses, cm

#Calculations
#d = f1+f2/2, condition for no chromatic aberration  (1)
#d = f2-f1, condition for minimum spherical aberration  (2)
# From (1) and (2), f1 = 3*d/2, f2 = d/2
# As 1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 - d/(f1*f2), solving for d
d = 4./3*50;    # Distance of separation betwen two lenses, cm
f1 = 3*d/2,
f2 = d/2;

#Results
print "f1 = %.f cm"%(f1)
print "f2 = %5.2f cm"%(f2)

f1 = 100 cm
f2 = 33.33 cm

Example 4.14, Page 201

In [41]:
#Variable declaration
mu_R = 1.5230;    # Refractive index for red wavelength
mu_V = 1.5145;    # Refractive index for violet wavelength
R1 = 40.;    # Radius of curvature for red wavelength, cm
R2 = -10.;    # Radius of curvature for violet wavelength, cm

#Calculations
# As 1/f = (mu - 1)*(1/R1 - 1/R2), solving for fV and fR
fV = 1./((mu_V-1)*(1/R1-1/R2));    # Focal length for violet wavelength, cm 
fR = 1./((mu_R-1)*(1/R1-1/R2));    # Focal length for violet wavelength, cm 
l = fR - fV;    # Longitudinal chromatic aberration, cm

#Result
print "The longitudinal chromatic aberration = %5.3f cm"%(abs(l))

The longitudinal chromatic aberration = 0.253 cm

Example 4.15, Page 202

In [21]:
#Variable declaration
F = 10;  # Equivalent focal length of a combination of two lenses, cm
d = 2;  # Separation distance between two lenses, cm

#Calculations
# As d = f1-f2, condition for minimum spherical aberration => f1 = d+f2
# and F = f1*f2/(f1+f2-d), so solving for f2
f2 = 2*F-d;    # Focal length of second lens, cm
f1 = d+f2;    # Focal length of first lens, cm

#Result
print "f1 = %2d cm, f2 = %2d cm"%(f1, f2)

f1 = 20 cm, f2 = 18 cm

Example 4.16, Page 202

In [23]:
#Variable declaration
mu = 1.6;  # Refractive index of aplanatic surface
R = 3.2;  # Radius of curvature, cm

#Calculations&Results
R1 = R/mu;  # First radius of the aplanatic surface, cm 
print "R1 = %3.1f cm"%R1
R2 = R*mu;  # Second radius of the aplanatic surface, cm 
print "R2 = %4.2f cm"%R2
#Since the image of an object at one aplanatic point will be formed by the sphere at the other aplantic point,so the  is
m = mu**2;    # The lateral magnification of the image
print "The lateral magnification of the image = %4.2f"%m

R1 = 2.0 cm
R2 = 5.12 cm
The lateral magnification of the image = 2.56

Example 4.17, Page 203

In [24]:
#Variable declaration
mu = 1.52;  # Refractive index of aplanatic surface
R = 30;  # Radius of curvature, cm

#Calculations&Results
R1 = R/mu;  # First radius of the aplanatic surface, cm 
print "R1 = %5.2f cm"%R1
R2 = R*mu;  # Second radius of the aplanatic surface, cm 
print "R2 = %4.1f cm"%R2
#Since the image of an object at one aplanatic point will be formed by the sphere at the other aplantic point,so the  is
m = mu**2;    # The lateral magnification of the image
print "The lateral magnification of the image = %4.2f"%m

R1 = 19.74 cm
R2 = 45.6 cm
The lateral magnification of the image = 2.31

Example 4.18, Page 203

In [26]:
#Variable declaration
F = 5;  # Equivalent focal length of Huygens eyepiece, cm

#Calculations
# as f1 = 3*f, f2 = f and d = 2*f, therefore
f = 2./3*F;    # Focal length of base lens, cm
f1 = 3*f;    # Focal length of field lens, cm

#Result
print "The focal length of the field lens = %2d cm"%f1

The focal length of the field lens = 10 cm

Example 4.19, Page 204

In [27]:
#Variable declaration
f = 10;    # Given focal length of each lens, cm
f1 = f;    # Focal length of first lens, cm 
f2 = f;    # Focal length of second lens, cm

#Calculations
d = 2./3*f;  # Separation distance between two lenses, cm
F = f1*f2/(f1+f2-d);    # Equivalent focal length of Ramsden eyepiece, cm

#Result
print "The equivalent focal length of the field lenses is = %3.1f cm"%F

The equivalent focal length of the field lenses is = 7.5 cm

Example 4.20, Page 204

In [28]:
#Variable declaration
d = 10;  # Distance between the two thin plano convex lenses in the Huygens eyepiece, 

#Calculations&Results
f = d/2;    # Base focal length
f1 = 3*f;   # Focal length of the first component lens, cm
print "f1 = %d cm"%f1
f2 = f;     # Focal length of the second component lens, cm
print "f2 = %d cm"%f2
F = 3./2*f;  # Equivalent focal length of the lens, cm
print "F = %3.1f cm"%F

f1 = 15 cm
f2 = 5 cm
F = 7.5 cm

Example 4.21, Page 204

In [29]:
#Variable declaration
F = 4.2;  # Equivalent focal length of Ramsden eyepiece, cm
#F = 3/4*f, Equivalent focal length of Ramsden eyepiece, 
f = 5.6;  #focal length,in cm

#Calculations&Results
f1 = f;
f2 = f;
print "f1 = %3.1f cm"%f1
print "f2 = %3.1f cm"%f2
d = 2./3*f;
print "d = %4.2f cm"%d

f1 = 5.6 cm
f2 = 5.6 cm
d = 3.73 cm