import math
e=2.718
print "a:",math.log10(10**6)
print "b:",round(math.log(e**3),1)
print "c:",math.log10(10**-2)
print "d:",round(math.log(e**-1),1)
import math
print "a:",round(math.log10(64),3)
print "b:",round(math.log(64),3)
print "c:",round(math.log10(1600),3)
print "d:",round(math.log10(8000),3)
import math
e=2.718
print "a:",round(10**(1.6),2)
print "b:",round(e**0.04,4)
import math
x=4000.0/250.0
print "a:",round(math.log10(0.5),1)
print "b:",round(math.log10(x),3)
print "c:",round(math.log10(0.6*30),3)
A=100.0 #Gain in dB
#we know: A=20*log(x),therefore:
x=10**(A/20)
print "Magnitude of gain:",x
import math
#from the data given in the question:
Pi=10000 #input power in watt
Po=500.0 #output power in watt
Vi=1000 #input voltage in volts
Zo=20 #output impedance in ohm
#Calculation:
Gp=10*math.log10(Po/Pi) #power gain in dB
Vo=math.sqrt(Po*Zo) #output voltage in volts
Gv=20*math.log10(Vo/Vi) #voltage gain in dB
print "a:Power gain:",round(Gp,2),"dB"
print "b:Voltage gain:",Gv,"dB"
import math
#from the data given in the question:
Po=40.0 #output power in watt
Zo=10 #output impedance in ohm
Pi=25 #input power in dB
#Calculation:
Piw=Po/(10**2.5) #input power in watt
Vo=math.sqrt(Po*Zo) #output voltage in volts
Vi=Vo/100 #input voltage in V
print "a:Input power :",round(Piw*1000,1),"dB"
print "b:Input Voltage:",Vi,"V"
#from the given figure:
C=0.1*(10**-6) #capacitance in farad
R=5*(10**3) #Resistance in ohm
Avd=-6.0 #gain in dB
#calculation:
f1=1/(2*3.14*R*C) #break frequency in Hz
Av=10**(Avd/20) #Gain
print "Break frequency:",round(f1,1),"Hz"
print "Gain:",round(Av,3)
#from the data given in the question:
Cs=10.0 #source capacitor in microF
Ce=20.0 #emitter capacitor in microF
Cc=1.0 #collector capacitor in microF
Rs=1.0 #source Resistance in kohm
Re=2.0 #emitter Resistance in kohm
Rc=4.0 #collector Resistance in kohm
R1=40.0 #in kohm
R2=10.0 #in kohm
Rl=2.2 #load resistance in kohm
B=100.0
Vcc=20.0 #supply voltage in volts
#Calculation:
#since,B*Re>>10*R2, we can apply voltage divider configuration:
Vb=(R2*Vcc)/(R2+R1) #Base voltage in Volts
Ve=Vb-0.7 #emitter voltage in volts
Ie=Ve/Re #emitter current in mA
re=26/Ie #in ohm
x=(B*re)/1000 #temporary value
t=(Rc*Rl)/(Rc+Rl) #effective resistance for Rc||Rl in kohm
Av=-round((t/re)*1000) #midband gain
Y=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2) #temporary value
Zi=(Y*x)/(Y+x) #input impedance in kohm
d=round(Zi/(Zi+Rs),4) #temporary value
Avs=round(d*Av,2) #new gain
#calculating effect of capacitors:
Ri=Zi
Fls=1/(2*3.14*(Rs+Ri)*Cs) #cut-off frequency due to source capacitance in Hz
Flc=1/(2*3.14*(Rc+Rl)*Cc) #cut-off frequency due to collector capacitance in Hz
Rsnew=(Y*Rs)/(Y+Rs) #effective resistance of R1||R2||Rs
g=(Rsnew/B)*1000+re
Re=Re*1000 #emitter resistance in ohm
Recf=round((g*Re)/(g+Re),2)
Fle=1/(2*3.14*Recf*Ce) #cut-off frequency due to emitter capacitance in Hz
print "Value of re:",round(re,2),"ohm"
print "cut-off frequency due to source capacitance Cs:",round(Fls*1000,2),"Hz"
print "cut-off frequency due to collector capacitance Cc:",round(Flc*1000,2),"Hz"
print "cut-off frequency due to emitter capacitance Ce:",round(Fle*(10**6),1),"Hz"
print "The cut-off frequency of the network:",round(max(Fls*1000,Flc*1000,Fle*(10**6)),1),"Hz"
#from the drawn characterstics graph:
Vgs=-2.0 #Gate source voltage in volts
Id=2 #Drain current in mA
Cg=0.01 #second coupling capacitor in microF
Cs=2.0 #source capacitor in microF
Cc=0.5 # second coupling capacitor in microF
Rsig=10.0 #input Resistance in kohm
Rg=1000.0 #gate Resistance in Mohm
Rd=4.7 #drain Resistance in kohm
Rs=1.0 #source resistancein kohm
Idss=8 #drain saturation current in mA
Vp=-4.0 #threshold voltage in volts
Vdd=20 #supply voltage in volts
Rl=2.2 #load resistance in kohm
#Calculation:
gmo=(2*Idss)/Vp
gm=gmo*(1-((Vgs/Vp)))
Ro=Rd
#calculating effect of capacitors:
Flg=1/(2*3.14*Cg*(10**-3)*(Rsig+Rg)) #effect of Coupling capacitor
Flc=1/(2*3.14*Cc*(10**-3)*(Ro+Rl)) #effect of coupling capacitor
p=-1/gm #temporary value
Req=((Rs*p)/(Rs+p))*1000
Fls=1/(2*3.14*Req*Cs) #effect of source capacitor
print "cut-off frequency due to source capacitance Cs:",round(Flc,2),"Hz"
print "cut-off frequency due to 1st coupling capacitance Cg:",round(Flg,2),"Hz"
print "cut-off frequency due to 2nd coupling capacitance Cs:",round(Fls*(10**6),1),"Hz"
print "The cut-off frequency of the network:",round(max(Flc,Flg,Fls*(10**6)),1),"Hz"
#from the data given in the question:
Cs=10.0 #source capacitor in microF
Ce=20.0 #emitter capacitor in microF
Cc=1.0 #collector capacitor in microF
Rs=1.0 #source Resistance in kohm
Re=2.0 #emitter Resistance in kohm
Rc=4.0 #collector Resistance in kohm
R1=40.0 #in kohm
R2=10.0 #in kohm
Rl=2.2 #load resistance in kohm
B=100.0
Vcc=20.0 #supply voltage in volts
Cbe=36.0 #base-emitter capacitor in pF
Cbc=4.0 #base-collector capacitor in pF
Cce=1.0 #collector-emitter capacitor in pF
Cwi=6 #in pF
Cwo=8 #in pF
Ri=1.32 #in kohm
Avmid=-90.0 #normal Gain
re=15.76 #in ohm
#calculation:
y=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2) #temporary value
z=(Rs*y)/(Rs+y) #temporary value
Rthi=(Ri*z)/(Ri+z) #effective input resistance in kohm
Rtho=(Rc*Rl)/(Rc+Rl) #effective output resistance in kohm
Ci=Cwi+Cbe+(Cbc*(1-Avmid)) #input capacitance in pF
Co=Cwo+Cce+(1-(1/Avmid))*Cbc #output capacitance in pF
Fhi=1/(2*Rthi*3.14*Ci*(10**-6)) #cut-off frequency for input network
Fho=1/(2*Rtho*3.14*Co) #cut-off frequency for output network
Fb=1/(2*3.14*B*re*(Cbe+Cbc)*(10**-6))
Ft=B*Fb
print "cut-off frequency for input network Fhi:",round(Fhi,2),"kHz"
print "cut-off frequency for output network Fho:",round(Fho*1000,2),"MHz"
print "Beta cut-off frequency Fb:",round(Fb,2),"Hz"
print "Gain Bandwidth Product Ft:",round(Ft,1),"Hz"