Chapter 4: Atomic Shape and Size

Exa 4.1

In [1]:
from __future__ import division
import math
 # Python Code Ex4.1 Bohr's orbit for the hydrogen atom: Page-126 (2010)
 
#Variable declaration 
 
n = 1;                            # The ground state orbit of hydrogen atom
Z = 1;                                  # The atomic number of hydrogen
h = 6.626*10**-34;                          # Plank's constant, Js
 # Absolute electrical permittivity of free space,
# coulomb square per newton per metre square
eps_0 = 8.85*10**-12; 
e = 1.602*10**-19;                          # Electronic charge, C
m = 9.1*10**-31;                            # Electronic mass, kg

#Calculation

  # Radius of first Bohr's orbit (Bohr radius), m
r_B = (n**2*h**2*eps_0)/(math.pi*m*Z*e**2);  


#Result

print "The radius of first Bohr orbit, in angstrom, is : "
print round(r_B/(1*10**-10),2)
The radius of first Bohr orbit, in angstrom, is : 
0.53

Exa 4.2

In [2]:
from __future__ import division
import math
 # Python Code Ex4.2 Ionization potentials of hydrogen atom: Page-126 (2010)
 
#Variable declaration 
 
Z = 1;                                 # The atomic number of hydrogen
h = 6.626*10**-34;            # Plank's constant, Js
 # Absolute electrical permittivity of free space, 
 #coulomb square per newton per metre square
eps_0 = 8.85*10**-12;
e = 1.602*10**-19;                          # Electronic charge, C
m = 9.1*10**-31;
E=[0]                            # Electronic mass, kg

#Calculations

# Initialize three potentials to 0 value in a vector
for n in range(1,4):
  if n==1:
    state = "First"
  if n==2:
    state = "Second"
  if n==3:
    state = "Third"
  # Energy of nth bohr orbit, eV
  E.append(-(m*Z**2*e**4)/(8*eps_0**2*n**2*h**2*e));
  
#Results
  
  print "\nThe",state,"Ionization Potential is :", round(E[n],2),"eV" 
The First Ionization Potential is : -13.6 eV

The Second Ionization Potential is : -3.4 eV

The Third Ionization Potential is : -1.51 eV

Exa 4.3

In [3]:
from __future__ import division
import math
 # Python Code Ex4.3 Univalent radii of ions: Page-130 (2010)
 
 
#Variable declaration 
 
S = 4.52;         # Screening constant for neon like configurations
# A constant determined by the quantum number, m; 
#for simplicity it can be assumed as unity
Cn = 1; 
Z_Na = 11;                              # Atomic number of sodium
Z_F = 9;                                # Atomic number of fluorine
Z_O = 8;                                # Atomic number of oxygen


# Calculations

r_Na = Cn/(Z_Na - S);                   # Radius of sodium ion, m
r_F = Cn/(Z_F - S);                     # Radius of fluorine ion, m
r_ratio = r_Na/r_F;                     # Radius ratio
r_Na = r_F*r_ratio;    # Calculating radius of sodium ion from r_ratio, m
 # Given that r_Na + r_F = 2.31D-10, 
 # or r_Na + r_Na/0.69 = 2.31D-10, 
 # or r_Na(1 + 1/0.69) = 2.31D-10, solving for r_Na
r_Na = 2.31*10**-10/(1+1/0.69);     # Calculating radius of sodium, m
r_F = 2.31*10**-10 - r_Na;     # Calculating radius of fluorine from r_Na, m
Cn = r_Na*(Z_Na - S);                   # Calculating Cn, m
r_O = Cn/(Z_O - S);                     # Radius of oxygen, m


 #Results
 
print "Radius of sodium ion, in angstrom, is :",round(r_Na/(1*10**-10),2)
print "Radius of fluorine ion, in angstrom, is :",round(r_F/(1*10**-10),2)
print "Constant determined by quantum number is : ",round(Cn/(1*10**-10),2)
print "Radius of oxygen, in angstrom, is : ",round(r_O/(1*10**-10),2)
 
Radius of sodium ion, in angstrom, is : 0.94
Radius of fluorine ion, in angstrom, is : 1.37
Constant determined by quantum number is :  6.11
Radius of oxygen, in angstrom, is :  1.76

Exa 4.4

In [4]:
from __future__ import division
import math
 # Python Code Ex4.4 Ionic Radius of Si ions in silicon dioxide: Page-131(2010)
 
#Variable declaration 
 
a = 7.12*10**-10;              #  Lattice parameter of the crystal. m
d = (3*a**2/16)**0.5;      # Si-Si distance from (0,0,0) to (1/4,1/4,1/4) 
RO = 1.40*10**-10;                   # Radius of oxygen, m

#Calculations

#Distance of oxygen ions between the two Si ions is 2*RSi+2*RO = d,
RSi = (d - 2*RO)/2;                 # Radius of silicon ion, m

#Results

print "The radius of Si4+ ion, in angstrom, is : ",round(RSi/(1*10**-10),2)
The radius of Si4+ ion, in angstrom, is :  0.14

Exa 4.5

In [5]:
from __future__ import division
import math
#Python Code Ex4.5 Ionic Radius occupying an octahedral position:Page-138(2010)

#Variable declaration

R_ratio = 0.414;#Radius ratio for an octahedral void in am M+X- ionic lattice
R_x = 2.5*10**-10;              # Critical radius of X- anion, m

#Calculation

R_m = R_x*0.414;            # Radius of M+ cation, m

#Result

print "The radius of cation occupying octahedral position "
print"in an M+X- ionic solid, in angstrom, is : ",round(R_m/(1*10**-10),2)
 
The radius of cation occupying octahedral position 
in an M+X- ionic solid, in angstrom, is :  1.03

Exa 4.6

In [6]:
from __future__ import division
import math
#Python CodeEx4.7Percentage ionic character of covalent molecule:Page-142(2010)

#Variable declaration

x_A = 4.0;                             # Electronegativity of fluorine
x_B = 2.1;                              # Electronegativity of hydrogen

#Calculation

 #Percentage ionic character of the covalent bond in HF molecule
P = 16*(x_A - x_B) + 3.5*(x_A - x_B)**2;


# Result

print"\nThe percentage ionic character in HF molecule is",round(P,2),"percent"
The percentage ionic character in HF molecule is 43.03 percent

Exa 4.7

In [7]:
from __future__ import division
import math
#Python Code Ex4.8 Calculating metallic radius 
#from unit cell dimension:Page-146  (2010)

#Variable declaration

a  =  2.81*10**-10;#  Unit  cell  dimension  of  bcc  structure  of  iron,  m

# Calculations

 #  For  bcc  structure  we  have
 #                sqrt(3)*a  =  4*R,  solving  for  R
R  = (3)**0.5/4*a;     #  Metallic  radius  of  iron  atom,  m

# Results

print"\nThe  metallic  radius  of  iron  atom  is:"
print round(R/(1*10**-10),2),"angstrom"
The  metallic  radius  of  iron  atom  is:
1.22 angstrom

Exa 4.8

In [8]:
from __future__ import division
import math
 # Python Code Ex4.9 
 #Calculating metallic radii from unit cell dimensions: Page-146 (2010)
 
#Variable declaration 
 
a_Au = 4.08e-10;           # Unit cell dimension of fcc structure of gold, m
a_Pt = 3.91e-10;        # Unit cell dimension of fcc structure of platinum, m


# Calculations

 # For fcc structure we have
 #        sqrt(2)*a = 4*R, solving for R
R_Au = (2)**0.5/4*a_Au;                 # Metallic radius of gold atom, m
R_Pt = (2)**0.5/4*a_Pt;                  # Metallic radius of gold atom, m



#Results

print"\nThe metallic radius of gold atom, in angstrom, is :"
print round(R_Au/(1*10**-10),2);
print"\nThe metallic radius of platinum atom, in angstrom, is :"
print round(R_Pt/(1*10**-10),2);
The metallic radius of gold atom, in angstrom, is :
1.44

The metallic radius of platinum atom, in angstrom, is :
1.38

Exa 4.9

In [9]:
from __future__ import division
import math
 # Python Code Ex4.10 Calculating metallic diameter and
# unit cell dimension of aluminium: Page-146 (2010)

#Variable declaration

Z_Al = 13;                             # Atomic number of aluminium
A_Al = 26.98;                           # Atomic mass of aluminium, g
d_Al = 2700*10**3;               # Density of aluminium, g per metre cube
n = 4;                 # number of atoms in the fcc structure of aluminium
N = 6.023*10**+23;                    # Avogadro's number

# Calculations

 # We have number of atoms per fcc unit cell given as 
 # n = (V*d_Al*N)/A_Al, solving for V
 # V = (n*A_Al)/(d_Al*N), V is the volume of the unit cell
 # or a**3 = (n*A_Al)/(d_Al*N), solving for a 
a = ((n*A_Al)/(d_Al*N))**(1/3);          # unit cell parameter of aluminium
 # For an fcc structure we have 
 # sqrt(2)*a = 4*R = 2*D, solving for D
D = a/(2)**0.5;      # metallic diameter of aluminium having fcc structure


#Result

print"\nThe unit cell dimension of aluminium, is:"
print round(a/(1*10**-10),2),"angstrom" 
print"\nThe metallic diametre of aluminium, is:"
print round(D/(1*10**-10),2),"angstrom"
The unit cell dimension of aluminium, is:
4.05 angstrom

The metallic diametre of aluminium, is:
2.86 angstrom