{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Chapter 2 Semiconductor devices"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2.1 Pg-2.18"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "the equivalent resistance are Rf=3.333 ohm and Rr=2.4 M ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vf=0.2 #  #voltage in volts\n",
    "Vr=60 #  #voltage in volts\n",
    "If=60*10**(-3) #  #current in  ampere\n",
    "I0=0.025*10**(-3) #  #current in  ampere\n",
    "Rf=Vf/If # #forward resistance\n",
    "Rr=Vr/I0 # #reverse resistance\n",
    "Rr=Rr*1e-6\n",
    "print \"the equivalent resistance are Rf=%.3f ohm and Rr=%-.1f M ohm\"%(Rf,Rr)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex-2.2 Pg-2.18"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "refer to the Figure-2.19 given \n",
      "from the characteristics at point P, Vf=0.7V,If=60mA\n",
      "\n",
      " DC forward resistance Rf : 11.67 ohm\n",
      "\n",
      "as the forward voltage changes from P to Q\n",
      "\n",
      " Dynamic forward resistance rf : 1.167 ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print \"refer to the Figure-2.19 given \"\n",
    "print \"from the characteristics at point P, Vf=0.7V,If=60mA\"\n",
    "Vf=0.7 #\n",
    "If=0.06 #\n",
    "Rf=Vf/If # #DC forward resistance\n",
    "print \"\\n DC forward resistance Rf : %.2f ohm\\n\"%(Rf)\n",
    "print \"as the forward voltage changes from P to Q\"\n",
    "delta_Vf=0.77-.7 #\n",
    "delta_If=(120-60)*10**(-3) #\n",
    "rf=delta_Vf/delta_If # #dynamic forward resistance\n",
    "print \"\\n Dynamic forward resistance rf : %.3f ohm\"%(rf)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_3 Pg-2-22"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " Refer to the figure-2.24 shown \n",
      " since Rf=0 The circuit becomes as shown in figure-2.24(a)\n",
      "\n",
      " \n",
      " current through the resistance Il=If = is 9.3 mA\n",
      "\n",
      " \n",
      " voltage across Rl is 9.3 V\n",
      "\n",
      " \n",
      " diode power Pd = 6.51 mW\n",
      "\n",
      " \n",
      " load power Pl = 86.49 mW\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print \" Refer to the figure-2.24 shown \"\n",
    "print \" since Rf=0 The circuit becomes as shown in figure-2.24(a)\"\n",
    "V=10 # #supply voltage\n",
    "Rf=0 # #forward resistance\n",
    "Rl=1 # #load resistance in k ohm\n",
    "Vin=0.7 # #cut in voltage\n",
    "Il=(V-Vin)/Rl # #applying KVL to the loop\n",
    "If=Il #\n",
    "print \"\\n \\n current through the resistance Il=If = is %.1f mA\"%(If)\n",
    "Vl=Il*Rl #\n",
    "print \"\\n \\n voltage across Rl is %.1f V\"%(Vl)\n",
    "Pd=If*Vin #\n",
    "print \"\\n \\n diode power Pd = %.2f mW\"%(Pd)\n",
    "Pl=Il*Vl #\n",
    "print \"\\n \\n load power Pl = %.2f mW\"%(Pl)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_4 PG-2.23"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Refer the Figure-2.25 shown\n",
      "When forward resistance Rf is neglected  then\n",
      "the diode behaves as a battery as shown in Figure-2.25(a)\n",
      "\n",
      " Forward current is 18.60 mA\n",
      "\n",
      "When forward resistance is Rf is 3.2 Ohm then\n",
      "the equivalent circuit is as shown in fig-2.25(b)\n",
      "\n",
      " therefore Forward current is 18.4817 mA\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print \"Refer the Figure-2.25 shown\"\n",
    "print \"When forward resistance Rf is neglected  then\"\n",
    "print \"the diode behaves as a battery as shown in Figure-2.25(a)\"\n",
    "Vf=0.7 # #cut-in voltage\n",
    "V=10 # #supply voltage\n",
    "Rl=500 # #load resistance\n",
    "If=(V-Vf)/Rl # #applying KVL to the circuit\n",
    "If=If*1e3\n",
    "print \"\\n Forward current is %.2f mA\\n\"%(If)\n",
    "print \"When forward resistance is Rf is 3.2 Ohm then\"\n",
    "print \"the equivalent circuit is as shown in fig-2.25(b)\"\n",
    "Rf=3.2 #\n",
    "If=(V-Vf)/(Rl+Rf) # #applying KVL to the circuit\n",
    "If=If*1e3\n",
    "print \"\\n therefore Forward current is %.4f mA\"%(If)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_5 PG-2.23"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "when forward current is zero then\n",
      " voltage across the diode is 0.3 V\n",
      "\n",
      "when forward current is 80mA then\n",
      " voltage across the diode is 0.332 V\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7fb06044c950>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "\n",
    "If=80e-3 # #maximum forward current\n",
    "Rf=0.4 # #dynamic resistance\n",
    "Vin=0.3 # #cut-in voltage for germanium\n",
    "print \"when forward current is zero then\"\n",
    "Vf=Vin # #voltage across the diode\n",
    "print \" voltage across the diode is %1.1f V\\n\"%(Vf)\n",
    "print \"when forward current is 80mA then\"\n",
    "Vf=Vin+If*Rf #\n",
    "print \" voltage across the diode is %1.3f V\"%(Vf)\n",
    "x=[0 ,.1 ,.2 ,.3 ,.332] # #x-coordinate\n",
    "y=[0  ,0  ,0  ,0  ,80] # #y-coordinate\n",
    "plt.plot(x,y)\n",
    "plt.xlabel('voltage across the diode (V) ') #\n",
    "plt.ylabel('current (mA)') #\n",
    "plt.title('Piecewise linear characteristic')\n",
    "plt.grid()\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_6 PG-2.28"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Refer to the Figure:2.29 shown\n",
      "for Q point If=25mA, ie Iq=25mA\n",
      "for If=0 A, Vf=Vin=3V at point B\n",
      "Now we draw the graph\n",
      "The coordinates are Q=(1V,25mA) B=(3V,0mA)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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NzzwDxx0Hr74K6vafqXOuHJ4sTpF6z1Nu1X8rZp4wk8O2P4w9r9+T656/LtJLVBSLL5ck\nzsIgkPV55izHl+XYquEDQYPo2aMnZ335LNpPaOfa56/l4FsOZtGyRXU596pVcOut6V5E5lyW+dRQ\nA1q5aiX//dh/c83z1/Crr/yK0TuNjvR8M2bAD34Azz8f6Wmca3ieI3Dd9sxbz3D8Xcezy6Bd+PVX\nf82A9QdEcp6TT4Ydd4Szzork6Z1zIc8RpEhS5in32HwPZn9rNgP7DmTI1UOY/sfpNXne/Pg++gju\nuiv42mhWJKX/opLl+LIcWzV8IGhw66+zPpePvJxJR0xi7H1jGTttLMs/Xl6z558+HYYMgS22qNlT\nOudqzKeG3KeWrljKmQ+eyWN/foyJh09kny33qfo5jz4aDjjA6xI7Vw+eI3A1c88r9zD2vrGMGTKG\ni4ZdRO9evSt6nmXLgk8Cr7+ezpKUzqWN5whSJOnzlIftcBhzx85l/rvz2f23u9OxuKNbx+fiS3Nd\n4lKS3n/VynJ8WY6tGj4QuKI26bsJU0ZP4Qdf/gEjbhrBTx77CZ+s/qRbz5H2AjTONQqfGnJdWrh0\nISdNPYllHy1j4uET2X7j7bs8xusSO1d/PjXkIjO432AePO5BxgwZw9437M1Vz1zFaltd8pg77vC6\nxM6lhQ8EMUjjPGUP9eA7e3yHJ05+gpvn3cyIm0awcOnCovu2t7dzyy3ZnRZKY/91R5bjy3Js1Yhs\nIJA0WNJMSS9KekHS98L7L5T0F0mzw5+RUbXB1d52G23HrBNnsf9W+7Prdbsyac6ktS5gt2SJ1yV2\nLk0iyxFI2hTY1Mw6JG0APA8cDowGlpnZZSWO9RxBCnQs7mDMXWPYdsC2XHvItWzSdxPA6xI7F5fE\n5QjMbLGZdYS3lwMvA5uHD2fgYsSuZdMWnjv1ObYdsC1DrhnC3a/cDXhdYufSpi45AknNwC7AU+Fd\np0uaI2m8pKZ6tCFJsjRPuV6v9bhk+CXc/vXbOeuhszh8QhsLF09LfV3iUrLUf8VkOb4sx1aNXlGf\nIJwWugM4w8yWS7oauCh8+MfAL4GTC49rk2gObzcBLUBruN0e/pvW7Y4uHk/r9p8AeJ3Lmchv7riS\n048+PXg8/M/X2tqaie2Ojo5Etcfja9zt9vZ2JkyYAEBzczOVinQdgaR1gGnAdDO7vMjjzcC9ZrZz\nwf2eI0ihXF3i71w5lUtfPo3TdjuN8/c7n149In+/4ZwjgTkCSQLGAy/lDwKSBuXtdgQwL6o2uPp6\n9lno2RPGfXUUs781m6ffepqhNw7l9fdej7tpzrkSoswR7A0cBwzL+6roV4BLJM2VNAfYDxgXYRsS\nKavzlLkk8aOPtjNow0FM/+Z0Ru84mj2v35Ob5twUaZ3kespq/+VkOb4sx1aNyD6zm9njFB9oalP9\nxCVKri5xezssCksh91APxu01jmFbDePYKccyff50rj74avr17hdrW51zn+XXGnI10VVd4g9XfsjZ\nD53N/fPv56YjbqpJrQPn3GclLkfgGktXawf6rNOHXx/8a64YeQVH3XYU5888v9tXM3XORcMHghhk\nbZ6ysC5xqfhGbZ/+RHLW+q9QluPLcmzV8IHAVa27dYmznEh2Lo08R+CqVk1d4o7FHRw75VhaNm3x\nRLJzVfIcgYvFsmXwwANw5JGVHd+yaQvPnfYc/Xv3p+XaFh5f8HhtG+ic65IPBDHI0jxlsbrE3Y0v\nbYnkLPVfMVmOL8uxVcMHAleVWtYlzkIi2bk08hyBq1hUdYlX22queOoKfvr4T7lsxGUcN+Q4giuW\nOOdKqTRH4AOBq9jVV8OsWcEagih4Itm57vFkcYpkZZ6ys7rEtYovqYnkrPRfZ7IcX5Zjq4YPBK4i\nCxbUpy5x2hLJzqWRTw25isRRl3jRskW03dPGBx99wM1fu5mt+29dv5M7lwI+NeTqKo66xL4i2blo\n+EAQg7TPU770ErzzDp3WJY4yvtylrR8e8zAXP34x37zzmyxdsTSy8xWT9v7rSpbjy3Js1fCBwHXb\n5MnBZSV69oyvDUlNJDuXRp4jcN2Sq0t8222w225xtyYw9dWpnHav10h2znMEri5ydYl33TXulqzh\nK5Kdq44PBDFI8zxlLklcaqFvHPHVM5Gc5v4rR5bjy3Js1fCBwJUtV5e4VtcWqrUkJJKdSyPPEbiy\ndVWXOEm8RrJrRJ4jcJGLY+1ApXxFsnPl84EgBmmcpyysS1xKkuKLIpGcpPiikOX4shxbNSIbCCQN\nljRT0ouSXpD0vfD+AZIelvSapIckNUXVBlc73a1LnCS+Itm50iLLEUjaFNjUzDokbQA8DxwOnAi8\nY2aXSjoH6G9m5xYc6zmChKmmLnGS+KWtXZYlLkdgZovNrCO8vRx4GdgcGAVMDHebSDA4uASrti5x\nkviKZOfWVpccgaRmYBfgaWCgmS0JH1oCDKxHG5IkbfOUxeoSl5L0+KpNJCc9vmplOb4sx1aNstfi\nS+oNmJl91J0ThNNCU4AzzGxZfslBMzNJReeA2traaG5uBqCpqYmWlhZaW1uBNZ2Z1u2Ojo5Etaer\n7auuamf4cIBsxTeqdRS7b7Y7o342ijvuv4NpP5zG1v23zkx8jfL32cjb7e3tTJgwAeDT18tKdJoj\nkNSDYNrmGODLBJ8eBKwCngRuBu4uNZkvaR1gGjDdzC4P73sFaDWzxZIGATPNbIeC4zxHkBBR1SVO\nEq+R7LKi5jWLJT0GzAKmAh25TwKS1iOY5hkF7GNm+3ZyvAhyAH83s3F5918a3neJpHOBJk8WJ1fU\ndYmTxBPJLu2iSBYPN7P/NLOn86eDzOwjM3vKzH4IDC9x/N7AccAwSbPDn5HAz4Dhkl4D9g+3G0ru\no10adFaXuJQ0xZev3ERyWuMrV5bjy3Js1eg0R1AsFxDO9x8BfMPMDi6VLzCzx+l8oDmwuw119Vev\nusRJkkskT311KkfddpRf2to1hC7XEYRTQQcT5AoOAu4EppjZvZE1yqeGEiGOusRJ4jWSXdrUfGpI\n0kGSJgB/JEgaTwLeNbO2KAcBlxxpurZQFHxFsmsUpXIE04EBwJfM7Pjwxd//F9RAGuYpu6pLXEoa\n4itXsUtbT3toWtzNilSW+q9QlmOrRqmBYFeC1cCPSnpA0slAjFVqXT0loS5xkuQnkk+ZeoqvSHaZ\nUk6OQATrCI4BjgTmAHeaWWQzx54jiFcS6xIniddIdklV83UEnZykJ3AAwbeGTuruybpxHh8IYvTM\nM3DccfDqq6VLUjYyTyS7JIr0onOSvihpFHAYsCFwX3dP5NZI+jxlOXWJS0l6fNVqb2/PdCI5y/2X\n5diq0eVnWkk3AjsDLwKr8x6aElWjXHxydYn9/0vXconkYVsN49gpxzJ9/nRfkexSqZwcwUvATvWc\nq/GpofikqS5xkniNZJcEUU4NPQvs2P0muTRq9LUDlfIayS7NyhkIbgSeDEtLzgt/5kbdsCxL6jxl\nd+oSl5LU+GqlVHxR1Eiutyz3X5Zjq0Y5A8F4govHjQQODX9GRdkoF4801yVOkiwnkl02lZMjeNLM\n9qpTe3Ln9BxBDLJSlzhJ/NLWrp4iW0cg6TdAE3Av8HF4t5nZnd1uZbmN8oGg7pYtCz4JvP56+SUp\nXXk8kezqJcpkcR/gI2AEcEj4c2h3T+TWSOI8ZXfrEpeSxPhqqbvxpS2RnOX+y3Js1ehyHYGZtdWh\nHS5mkyfDmDFxtyLbRm0f1Ehuu6eNoTcO9RXJLjFKlaq8ELjazJZ08vggYKyZXVDzRvnUUF29/TZs\nu21Ql7hv37hbk31eI9lFJYqaxYcAZwHrAn8AFhEUr9+U4MqkHwG/MLP7K210p43ygaCuGqkucZJ4\nItnVWs1zBGY2zcyGAd8Afg98AqwEHgeONrP9oxgEGkHS5ikrqUtcStLiq7VaxVdujeR6y3L/ZTm2\napSTI1gI/K4ObXExaMS6xEniNZJdEnTrMtT14lND9XPppfCnP8G118bdEueXtnbVivQy1C67aj0t\n5CrnK5JdXEoVr78k/Hd0/ZrTGJIyT1lNXeJSkhJfVKKMr1iN5KUrlkZ2vmKy3H9Zjq0apT4RHByW\nqTyv0ieXdIOkJZLm5d13oaS/SJod/oys9PlddbwucXIlNZHssqnU10d/DpwKbAD8s+BhM7N/6fLJ\npaHAcmCSme0c3ncBsMzMLitxnOcIIuZ1idPDayS7ckXx9dGzzawJuN/MNiz46XIQCJ9jFvBesfZ2\nt6Gutp59Fnr1gl13jbslritZuLS1S7Yuk8VmFsUlp0+XNEfSeElNETx/oiVhnjKXJI5iQWsS4otS\nHPHVM5Gc5f7LcmzV6PQzpqTlQGd/aWVNDXXiauCi8PaPgV8CJxfu1NbWRnNzMwBNTU20tLTQ2toK\nrOnMtG53dHTEev4ZM9qZNAmefDKb8WW5/8btNY4NF23Ij274EdP3DWokz35qdmbi8+3ubbe3tzNh\nwgSAT18vKxH5OgJJzcC9uRxBOY95jiBaXpc4/fzS1q6Y1KwjCC9Wl3MEMK+zfV00Jk/2usRpl7ZL\nW7tki3QgkDQZeALYXtJCSScBl0iaK2kOsB8wLso2JFHuo10cPvoI7ryz+rrEpcQZXz0kKb4oEslJ\niq/WshxbNSL9HpqZFVuzekOU53SleV3i7Mklkq946gr2vH5Pv7S16za/1lCD8brE2eaXtm5sqckR\nuPgsWwYPPABHHhl3S1xUfEWyq4QPBDGIa57ynntqV5e4lKzPwyY9vmoTyUmPrxpZjq0aPhA0kFtu\n8W8LNRJfkezK5TmCBuF1iRuX10huHDWvWRwnHwhqz+sSO08kZ58ni1MkjnnKehagyfo8bFrjKzeR\nnNb4ypHl2KrhA0ED8LrELsdXJLtifGqoAXhdYleM10jOHp8acp3yusSuGK+R7HJ8IIhBPecpo6pL\nXErW52GzFF+xGsnTHpoWd7Mik6W+qyUfCDLO6xK7cuQnkk+ZeoqvSG4wniPIMLNg7cCtt3pdYlc+\nr5GcXp4jcGt59tngk4DXJXbd4SuSG48PBDGo1zxllHWJS8n6PGwjxJfVRHLW+65SPhBk1KpVwZSQ\nf1vIVapYInnpiqVxN8tFwHMEGeV1iV0teY3kdPAcgfsMr0vsaslXJGebDwQxiHqesh51iUvJ+jxs\nI8eX9kRy1vuuUj4QZJDXJXZRymoiuZF5jiCDvC6xqxe/tHWyeI7AAV6X2NWX10jOBh8IYhDlPGW9\n6hKXkvV5WI/vs9KUSM5631Uq0oFA0g2Slkial3ffAEkPS3pN0kOSmqJsQ6PxusQuLmlPJDeySHME\nkoYCy4FJZrZzeN+lwDtmdqmkc4D+ZnZuwXGeI6iA1yV2SeA1kuOT2JrFkpqBe/MGgleA/cxsiaRN\ngXYz26HgGB8IKuB1iV2SeCK5/tKULB5oZkvC20uAgTG0IVZRzVMmpQBN1udhPb7yJDGRnPW+q1Ss\n15c1M5NU9K1/W1sbzc3NADQ1NdHS0kJrayuwpjPTut3R0VHz51+yBF5+uZWDDspmfEna9vjK3+6z\nTh++3vfrbNZ/M4667ShO2+009rP96NmjZ2LiTfN2e3s7EyZMAPj09bIScU0NtZrZYkmDgJk+NVQ9\nr0vsks5rJEcvTVNDU4ETwtsnAHfH0IbMScq0kHOd8RXJyRX110cnA08A20taKOlE4GfAcEmvAfuH\n2w0l99GuVuKoS1xKreNLGo+vcnFf2jrrfVepSAcCMzvGzDYzs3XNbLCZ3Whm75rZgWa2nZmNMLP3\no2xDI/C6xC5tkphIbmR+raGU87rELu28RnLtpClH4GrI6xK7tPMVyfHzgSAGtZynjKsucSlZn4f1\n+GqvXonkrPddpXwgSDGvS+yyJO5EciPzHEGKeV1il1VeI7kyniNoQF6X2GVVmi5tnQU+EMSgFvOU\ncdclLiXr87AeX/3UOpGcpNiSxAeClPK6xK5R+Irk6HmOIKW8LrFrRH5p69I8R9BAvC6xa1S+Ijka\nPhDEoNp5yiTUJS4l6/OwHl+8qkkkJz22uPhAkEJel9g5X5FcS54jSBmvS+zcZ3mN5DUSW7O4Ej4Q\ndM7rEjtXnCeSPVmcKtXMU6ZhWijr87AeXzKVk0hOa2xR84EgRRYsgJdfhhEj4m6Jc8nkK5Ir41ND\nKeJ1iZ0y7GuqAAALCUlEQVQrXyPWSPapoQbgdYmdK5+vSC6fDwQxqGSeMml1iUvJ+jysx5cehZe2\nPvCiA/3S1kX4QJASkyfDN77hdYmdq0Qukbzhuhv6iuQiPEeQAl6X2LnayXKNZM8RZJjXJXaudnxF\n8tp8IIhBd+dgk1iXuJQszTEX4/GlVy42TyR/VmyfiSS9CXwArAJWmtkecbUlyXJ1iTP8f9O5WOQS\nycO2GsaxU45l+vzpjbsiOa5RUNIbwG5m9m6RxzxHEJoxA845B557Lu6WOJddWamRnNYcQUomO+Iz\nebKvHXAuao2+IjnOgcCA/5X0nKRTY2xH3ZU7B7tiBdx1VzLrEpeS5Tlm8PjSrKvYGjWRHOf3pvY2\ns0WSNgEelvSKmc3KPdjW1kZzczMATU1NtLS00NraCqzpzLRud3R0lLX/G2+0ssceMH9+O/PnJ6f9\ntYovrdseX7a3X33+Vc7Z/Bzm9J7Dntfvyan9T2X454czbNiwRLQvf7u9vZ0JEyYAfPp6WYlErCOQ\ndAGw3Mx+GW43fI7ADFpa4Oc/94vMOReXtF3aOlU5Akl9JG0Y3u4LjADmxdGWpGpvh5UrYfjwuFvi\nXONqlBrJceUIBgKzJHUATwPTzOyhmNpSd7mPdqVcfjmceWZ61g7kKye+NPP40quS2BohkRzLQGBm\nb5hZS/jzb2Z2cRztSKr58+GJJ+C44+JuiXMuJ8uJ5ETkCAo1eo7gjDOCesQ//WncLXHOFUpyjWSv\nWZwRS5fCVlvB3LmwxRZxt8Y515kkJpJTlSxudKXmKW+4AUaOTPcgkOU5ZvD40qyWsWUpkewDQYKs\nWgVXXhkkiZ1zyZeVRLJPDSXIXXcF6waeeCLuljjnuisJNZJ9aigDcl8Zdc6lT5ovbe0DQQyKzVP+\n4Q/wxhvwta/Vvz21luU5ZvD40izq2AprJH/zzm+mokayDwQJccUV8N3vQq/sVM1zrmGlLZHsOYIE\nWLwYdtwxWEg2YEDcrXHO1VI9ayT7OoIUu+ACePtt+M1v4m6Jcy4K9Uoke7I4RfLnKVesgGuuge99\nL7721FqW55jB40uzuGJLeiLZB4KYTZ4Mu+0GO+wQd0ucc1FKciLZp4Zi5DUHnGtMUdVI9qmhFPKa\nA841pqStSPaBIAa5eco01xwoJctzzODxpVnSYkvKpa19IIiJ1xxwzkEyEsmeI4iJ1xxwzhWq9tLW\nniNIkaVL4aab4D/+I+6WOOeSJK4VyT4QxOCHP2xPfc2BUpI2D1trHl96pSG2OBLJPhDU2cqVMGWK\nX2XUOVdaPRPJniOoITN45x1YsAAWLlzzk7+9eHFQgWzq1Lhb65xLg+7USPZrDdXBBx8Uf3HP3f7L\nX6BPHxg8OPjZcsu1b2+2Gay7btyROOfSppxEcqoGAkkjgcuBnsD1ZnZJweN1HwhWrAheyIu90Oe2\nV61a88Je+EKf++nbt+tztbe309raGnlMcfH40i3L8aU9tq5WJFc6ENT96veSegJXAQcCbwHPSppq\nZi9Hdc5Vq2DRotJTNu+/H7xbz39xb2mBQw9ds92/f20Wf3V0dKT6j7ErHl+6ZTm+tMeWSyRPfXUq\nR912VM0ubR1HGZQ9gPlm9iaApN8BhwEVDQS5eflS7+QXL4aNN/7su/jmZhg6dM32wIHQo06p8/ff\nf78+J4qJx5duWY4vK7GN2n4Uu2+2O233tDH0xqFVX9o6joFgc2Bh3vZfgD0723nZstLv5BcuLD4v\n/8Uvrtn2eXnnXNbkViRf8dQV7Hn9nlw24rKKnyuOgaCsyf+ddw5e5FeuXHsuft99uz8vnyRvvvlm\n3E2IlMeXblmOL2ux5S5tPWyrYRw75diKn6fuyWJJXwIuNLOR4fZ5wOr8hLGk5H1lyDnnUiAV3xqS\n1At4FTgA+CvwDHBMlMli55xznav71JCZfSLpu8CDBF8fHe+DgHPOxSeRC8qcc87VT6zXGpI0UtIr\nkv4o6ZxO9rkyfHyOpF3q3cZqdBWfpFZJSyXNDn9+FEc7KyHpBklLJM0rsU+a+65kfCnvu8GSZkp6\nUdILkr7XyX6p7L9y4kt5//WW9LSkDkkvSbq4k/3K7z8zi+WHYFpoPtAMrAN0AF8o2OerwP3h7T2B\np+Jqb0TxtQJT425rhfENBXYB5nXyeGr7rsz40tx3mwIt4e0NCHJ2Wfq/V058qe2/sP19wn97AU8B\n+1TTf3F+Ivh0YZmZrQRyC8vyjQImApjZ00CTpIH1bWbFyokPIJWFKs1sFvBeiV3S3HflxAfp7bvF\nZtYR3l5OsJhzs4LdUtt/ZcYHKe0/ADP7MLy5LsGbzncLdulW/8U5EBRbWLZ5Gfuk5Sr+5cRnwJfD\nj273S9qxbq2LXpr7rhyZ6DtJzQSffJ4ueCgT/VcivlT3n6QekjqAJcBMM3upYJdu9V8cC8pyys1S\nF47aaclul9POPwCDzexDSV8B7ga2i7ZZdZXWvitH6vtO0gbAHcAZ4TvntXYp2E5V/3URX6r7z8xW\nAy2S+gEPSmo1s/aC3cruvzg/EbwFDM7bHkwwapXaZ4vwvjToMj4zW5b7iGdm04F1JA2oXxMjlea+\n61La+07SOsAU4H/M7O4iu6S6/7qKL+39l2NmS4H7gH8veKhb/RfnQPAcsK2kZknrAkcDheVapgLH\nw6crkt83syX1bWbFuoxP0kCFFSYk7UHwdd7Cub60SnPfdSnNfRe2ezzwkpld3sluqe2/cuJLef9t\nLKkpvL0+MByYXbBbt/ovtqkh62RhmaRvhY9fa2b3S/qqpPnAP4AT42pvd5UTH3AU8G1JnwAfAt+I\nrcHdJGkysB+wsaSFwAUE345Kfd9B1/GR4r4D9gaOA+ZKyr2A/BDYEjLRf13GR7r7bxAwUVIPgjfz\nN5nZjGpeO31BmXPONTgvXu+ccw3OBwLnnGtwPhA451yD84HAOecanA8EzjnX4HwgcM65BucDgcss\nSY9IGlFw35mSfhPe/nl4meJLihx7iKQLKzzvBElH5p1v/S72v0zS0ErO5Vwt+EDgsmwyay8UOhq4\nJbx9KrCzmRWrhXEWcHWF5zXWXNflDKBPF/tfDZxd4bmcq5oPBC7LpgAHK6iTnbsS5WZm9rikqQTX\nqv+DpNH5B0kaDKxrZksk9ZP0Zt5jfSUtkNRTUoukp8IrWN6ZW/a/ZledTnD545mSZoRXjJwgaZ6k\nuZLOBDCzPwLNBcc7Vzc+ELjMCq8d8wxBkQ4IPh3cGj42Cvinme1iZrcVHLo3wdUpcxf16pDUGj52\nCPCAma0CJgFnm9kXgXkEl6HIO739Cvgr0GpmBxBcDnkzM9vZzIYAN+btPxvYqwZhO9dtPhC4rMuf\nHjo63O7KlsCivO1bw2MJn+vW8PK//cICNhAUAdm3i+f9E7B1WELwIOCDvMf+SlDNzrm684HAZd1U\n4ICwZmsfMyu8SmNn8q/lfi8wUlJ/YFfgkS72L8rM3geGAO3AWOD6guP9wl8uFj4QuEwLC5LMJJiG\nuaWL3XP+TFD3Nv85ngWuBO61wFLgPUn7hLuNIXiBL7QM+BcASRsBvczsTuD/EgwqOYOAN8tsn3M1\nFWeFMufqZTJwJzC64P7O3oH/HvhewX23ArcRFD3POQG4RlIfgmmfYpf6vQ54QNJbwDjgxvDywQDn\n5u23S5FzOlcXfhlq54qQ9AjwTTNb1OXO1Z9rO+AXYQLbubrzqSHnivsFwTx+PYwFLq3TuZxbi38i\ncM65BuefCJxzrsH5QOCccw3OBwLnnGtwPhA451yD84HAOecanA8EzjnX4P4/93DLlTcsWrcAAAAA\nSUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7fb060470d50>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Q-point is denoted by the intersection of two lines as shown in the plot\n",
      "Therefore load resistance is the reciprocal of the slope \n",
      "\n",
      " required load resistance is 90 ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "\n",
    "print \"Refer to the Figure:2.29 shown\"\n",
    "If=25e-3 # #current at Q-point\n",
    "print \"for Q point If=25mA, ie Iq=25mA\"\n",
    "print \"for If=0 A, Vf=Vin=3V at point B\"\n",
    "print \"Now we draw the graph\"\n",
    "print \"The coordinates are Q=(1V,25mA) B=(3V,0mA)\"\n",
    "x=[ 0 ,0.5, 0.6,    1,   1.1 ] # #x-coordinate\n",
    "y=[ 0 , 1 ,  5     ,25   ,30 ] # #y-coordinate\n",
    "plt.plot(x,y)\n",
    "x1=[0.5 ,  1,    3] # #x-coordinate\n",
    "y1=[ 31   ,25 ,  0] # #y-coordinate\n",
    "plt.plot(x1,y1)\n",
    "x2=[ 0, 1] #\n",
    "y2=[25 ,25] #\n",
    "plt.plot(x2,y2)\n",
    "plt.xlabel('Vf (volts)') #\n",
    "plt.ylabel('If (mA)') #\n",
    "plt.title(\"Piece-wise linear characteristic\")\n",
    "plt.grid() #\n",
    "plt.show()\n",
    "print \"Q-point is denoted by the intersection of two lines as shown in the plot\"\n",
    "delta_If=10e-3 # #from the graph plotted\n",
    "delta_Vf=0.9 # #from the graph plotted\n",
    "s=delta_If/delta_Vf # #slope\n",
    "print \"Therefore load resistance is the reciprocal of the slope \"\n",
    "Rl=1/s # #load resistance\n",
    "print \"\\n required load resistance is %.0f ohm\"%(Rl)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_7 PG-2.29"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "We draw the new DC load line in the plot\n",
      "\n",
      " slope is -1.000000 \n",
      "\n",
      "The slope passes through the Q-point so the equation of the load \n",
      "line is If=(-Vf/Rl)+(Vin/Rl)\n",
      "Now from the graph we can see that slope =(change in If)/(change in Vf)\n",
      "For If=35 mA Vf=1.1 V\n",
      "The coordinates are Q=(1.1V,35mA) C=(2.6V,25mA) B=(6.4V,0mA)\n",
      "\n",
      " change in Vf is 0.0 V \n",
      "\n",
      "This is point C corresponding to If=35-10=35mA, as If is change by 10mA\n",
      "and Vf=2.6V \n",
      "We join the Q-point and point C as shown in the plot to get the DC load\n",
      " line we extend the line to intersect point B \n",
      "the voltage at point B is the new supply voltage required\n",
      "\n",
      " From the plot voltage at point B = 6.7 V\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
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sObyHBqMaMP/H+SfMk71P6KdWj997nJbfW5Y/+lnhL6Cq5aqS0i2FV658hb7v92XQzEH8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\njLHCb4wxMcYKvzHGxBgr/MYYE2P+P+IM8uQZBq2gAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7fb060470dd0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "\n",
    "Rl=150 # #load resistance\n",
    "If=35e-3 # #current at which Q-point appears\n",
    "print \"We draw the new DC load line in the plot\"\n",
    "s=-1/Rl # #slope\n",
    "print \"\\n slope is %f \\n\"%(s)\n",
    "x=[ 0 ,0.5,  1,   1.1, 1.15 ] # #x-coordinate\n",
    "y=[ 0  ,1 , 25   ,35  , 40 ] # #y-coordinate\n",
    "plt.plot(x,y)\n",
    "x1=[0, 1.1, 2.6, 6.4 ] # #x-coordinate\n",
    "y1=[42  ,35  , 25 , 0] # #y-coordinate\n",
    "plt.plot(x1,y1)\n",
    "x2=[ 0 , 1 , 1.1] # #x-coordinate\n",
    "y2=[35 ,35 , 35] # #y-coordinate\n",
    "plt.plot(x2,y2)\n",
    "x3=[0 , 1 , 2.6] # #x-coordinate\n",
    "y3=[25 ,25 ,25] # #y-coordinate\n",
    "plt.plot(x3,y3)\n",
    "x4=[1.1 ,1.1, 1.1] #\n",
    "y4=[ 0  ,10  , 35 ] #\n",
    "plt.plot(x4,y4)\n",
    "x5=[2.6, 2.6] #\n",
    "y5=[0  ,  25] #\n",
    "plt.plot(x5,y5)\n",
    "plt.xlabel('Vf (volts)') #\n",
    "plt.ylabel('If (mA)') #\n",
    "plt.title(\"Piece-wise linear characteristic\")\n",
    "plt.grid()\n",
    "print \"The slope passes through the Q-point so the equation of the load \"\n",
    "print \"line is If=(-Vf/Rl)+(Vin/Rl)\"\n",
    "print \"Now from the graph we can see that slope =(change in If)/(change in Vf)\"\n",
    "print \"For If=35 mA Vf=1.1 V\"\n",
    "print \"The coordinates are Q=(1.1V,35mA) C=(2.6V,25mA) B=(6.4V,0mA)\"\n",
    "delta_If=10e-3 # #change in If\n",
    "delta_Vf=delta_If/abs(s) # #change in Vf and we take only the magnitudeof the slope \n",
    "print \"\\n change in Vf is %1.1f V \\n\"%(delta_Vf)\n",
    "print \"This is point C corresponding to If=35-10=35mA, as If is change by 10mA\" \n",
    "print \"and Vf=2.6V \"\n",
    "print \"We join the Q-point and point C as shown in the plot to get the DC load\"\n",
    "print \" line we extend the line to intersect point B \"\n",
    "print \"the voltage at point B is the new supply voltage required\"\n",
    "print \"\\n From the plot voltage at point B = 6.7 V\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_8 PG-2.33"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "therefore the P-N junction diode current is 10.483844 A\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from math import exp\n",
    "V=0.22 # #forward bias voltage\n",
    "T=25+273 # #room temperature in degree kelvin\n",
    "I0=2e-3 # #reverse saturation current\n",
    "n=1# #for germanium diode\n",
    "k=8.62e-5 #Boltzmann's constant\n",
    "Vt=k*T #\n",
    "I=I0*(exp(V/(n*Vt))) # # diode current\n",
    "print \"therefore the P-N junction diode current is %f A\"%(I)\n",
    "# in the book they have taken the approximate value \n",
    "#hence the answer is slighty different. in the book \n",
    "#Vt=0.02568(approx) whereas Vt=0.0256876(exact value)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_9 PG-2.36"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "At temperature T=27 degree C\n",
      "For silicon diode Vf=0.7 V is constant \n",
      " \n",
      " Therefore maximum forward current at T=27 degree C is 0.7143 A \n",
      "\n",
      "At temperature T=77 degree C\n",
      "\n",
      " Therefore maximum forward current at T=77 degree C is 0.4286 A\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "P1=500e-3 # #rated power rating of the diode \n",
    "T1=27 # #temperature in Degree Celsius\n",
    "Df=4e-3 # #Derating factor \n",
    "print \"At temperature T=27 degree C\"\n",
    "print \"For silicon diode Vf=0.7 V is constant \"\n",
    "Vf=0.7 #\n",
    "If1=P1/Vf #\n",
    "print \" \\n Therefore maximum forward current at T=27 degree C is %.4f A \\n\"%(If1)\n",
    "print \"At temperature T=77 degree C\"\n",
    "T2=77 # #temperature in degree celsius\n",
    "P2=P1-(T2-T1)*Df # #rated power rating of the diode at T=77 degree C\n",
    "If2=P2/Vf #\n",
    "print \"\\n Therefore maximum forward current at T=77 degree C is %.4f A\"%(If2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_10 PG-2.37"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "at T2=25 degree C\n",
      "\n",
      " therefore forward voltage drop at 50 degree C is 0.6471 V \n",
      "\n",
      "at T3=77 degree C\n",
      "\n",
      " therefore forward voltage drop at 77 degree C is 0.585 V\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "T1=27 # #initial temperature\n",
    "Vfl=0.7 # #forward voltage\n",
    "Vtc=-2.3e-3 # #voltage temperature coefficient\n",
    "print \"at T2=25 degree C\"\n",
    "T2=50 #\n",
    "Vf2=Vfl+((T2-T1)*Vtc)\n",
    "print \"\\n therefore forward voltage drop at 50 degree C is %.4f V \\n\"%(Vf2)\n",
    "print \"at T3=77 degree C\"\n",
    "T3=77 #\n",
    "Vf2=Vfl+((T3-T1)*Vtc)\n",
    "print \"\\n therefore forward voltage drop at 77 degree C is %.3f V\"%(Vf2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_11 PG-2.38"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Therefore at a temperature of 25 Degree C \n",
      "\n",
      " dynamic resistance is 0.867 ohm \n",
      "\n",
      "Therefore at a temperature of 75 Degree C \n",
      "\n",
      " dynamic resistance is 0.867 ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "If=30e-3 # #forward current\n",
    "T1=25+273 # #temperature in degree kelvin\n",
    "print \"Therefore at a temperature of 25 Degree C \"\n",
    "Rf=26e-3/If #\n",
    "print \"\\n dynamic resistance is %.3f ohm \\n\"%(Rf)\n",
    "print \"Therefore at a temperature of 75 Degree C \"\n",
    "T2=75+273 #Temperature in degree kelvin\n",
    "Rf=Rf*(T2/T1) #\n",
    "print \"\\n dynamic resistance is %.3f ohm\"%(Rf)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_12 PG-2.43"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "the maximum recovery time is 0.0 micro sec\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Tf_min=1 # #fall time in micro second\n",
    "Trr_max=Tf_min/10\n",
    "print \"the maximum recovery time is %.1f micro sec\"%(Trr_max)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_13 PG-2.48"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Therefore the derated power rating at a temperature T=100 Degree celsius\n",
      "\n",
      " is 0.205 W\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "PD_max=320e-3 # #maximum power rating\n",
    "T1=50 # #temperature in degree celsius at which maximum power rating occurs\n",
    "DF=2.3e-3 # #Derating factor\n",
    "print \"Therefore the derated power rating at a temperature T=100 Degree celsius\"\n",
    "T2=100 #\n",
    "PD=PD_max-DF*(T2-T1) #\n",
    "print \"\\n is %.3f W\"%(PD)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_14 PG-2.52"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "zener resistance Zz=20 ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vzd=50e-3 # #change in Vz\n",
    "Izd=2.5e-3 #change in Iz\n",
    "Zz=Vzd/Izd # #zener resistance\n",
    "print \"zener resistance Zz=%.0f ohm\"%(Zz)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_15 PG-2.52"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Therefore total terminal voltage across the diode Vz''= 5.2V\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rz=4 # #zener diode resistance\n",
    "Vz=5.1 #\n",
    "Iz=25e-3 #\n",
    "x=Iz*rz #\n",
    "Vzz=Vz+x # #total terminal voltage across the diode \n",
    "print \"Therefore total terminal voltage across the diode Vz''= %.1fV\"%(Vzz)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_16 PG-2.52"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "   At T=40 degree celsius maximum zener current Izm=73.53 mA\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "   At T=100 degree celsius maximum zener current Izm=50.588 mA\n",
      "\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vz=6.8 #nominal voltage\n",
    "Pd_max=500 # #zener diode power loss in mW at 40 degree celsius\n",
    "D=2.6 # #Derating factor in mW/degree celsius\n",
    "T1=40 # #Temperature in degree celsius\n",
    "Izm=Pd_max/Vz #\n",
    "print \"   At T=40 degree celsius maximum zener current Izm=%.2f mA\\n\\n\"%(Izm)\n",
    "T2=100 # #Temperature in degree celsius\n",
    "delta_T=T2-T1 # #change in temperature\n",
    "Pd_derated=Pd_max-D*delta_T\n",
    "Izm=Pd_derated/Vz #\n",
    "print \"   At T=100 degree celsius maximum zener current Izm=%.3f mA\\n\\n\"%(Izm)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Ex 2_17 PG-2.52"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Refer to the figure-2.51 shown\n",
      "\n",
      " We apply KVL across the circuit \n",
      "\n",
      " Therefore -Iz*R1-Vz+Vin = 0 \n",
      "\n",
      " \n",
      " zener diode current Iz:14.626866 mA\n",
      " power dissipation :76.059701 mW \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print \"Refer to the figure-2.51 shown\\n\"\n",
    "print \" We apply KVL across the circuit \\n\"\n",
    "print \" Therefore -Iz*R1-Vz+Vin = 0 \\n\"\n",
    "Vin=15 #\n",
    "Vz=5.2 #\n",
    "R1=670 #\n",
    "Iz=(Vin-Vz)/R1 # #zener diode current\n",
    "Iz=Iz*1e3 # #in mA\n",
    "Pd=Vz*Iz # #power dissipation\n",
    "print \" \\n zener diode current Iz:%f mA\\n power dissipation :%f mW \"%(Iz,Pd)"
   ]
  }
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