#pg 61
#calculate the specific liquid enthalpy of evaporation and dry saturated steam
print('Example 4.1');
# aim : To determine
# the enthalpy
# Given values
P = .50;# Pressure, [MN/m^2]
# solution
# From steam tables, at given pressure
hf = 640.1;# specific liquid enthalpy ,[kJ/kg]
hfg = 2107.4;# specific enthalpy of evaporation ,[kJ/kg]
hg = 2747.5; # specific enthalpy of dry saturated steam ,[kJ/kg]
tf = 151.8; # saturation temperature,[C]
#results
print 'The specific liquid enthalpy (kJ/kg) = ',hf
print 'The specific enthalpy of evaporation (kJ/kg) = ',hfg
print 'The specific enthalpy of dry saturated steam (kJ/kg) = ',hg
# End
#pg 61
#calculate the saturation temperature, specific enthalpy
print('Example 4.2');
import numpy
# aim : To determine
# saturation temperature and enthalpy
# Given values
P = 2.04;# pressure, [MN/m^2]
# solution
# since in the steam table values of enthalpy and saturation temperature at 2 and 2.1 MN?m^2 are given, so for knowing required values at given pressure,there is need to do interpolation
# calculation of saturation temperature and results
# from steam table
# P in [MN/m^2] and tf in [C]
Table_P_tf_x=[2.1,2.0]
Table_P_tf_y=[214.9,212.4]
# using interpolation
tf = numpy.interp(P,Table_P_tf_x,Table_P_tf_y);# saturation temperature at given condition
print 'The Saturation temperature (C) = ',tf
# calculation of specific liquid enthalpy
# from steam table
Table_P_hf_y = [920.0,908.6];# P in [MN/m^2] and hf in [kJ/kg]
Table_P_hf_x=[2.1,2.0]
# using interpolation
hf = numpy.interp(P,Table_P_hf_x,Table_P_hf_y); # enthalpy at given condition, [kJ/kg]
print 'The Specific liquid enthalpy (kJ/kg) = ',hf
# calculation of specific enthalpy of evaporation
# from steam table
Table_P_hfg_x = [2.1,2.0];# P in [MN/m^2] and hfg in [kJ/kg]
Table_P_hfg_y=[1878.2,1888.6]
# using interpolation
hfg = numpy.interp(P,Table_P_hfg_x,Table_P_hfg_y); # enthalpy at given condition, [kJ/kg]
print 'The Specific enthalpy of evaporation (kJ/kg) = ',hfg
# calculation of specific enthalpy of dry saturated steam
# from steam table
Table_P_hg_y = [2798.2,2797.2];#P in [MN/m^2] and hg in [kJ/kg]
Table_P_hg_x=[2.1,2.0]
# using interpolation
hg = numpy.interp(P,Table_P_hg_x,Table_P_hg_y); # enthalpy at given condition, [kJ/kg]
print 'The Specific enthalpy of dry saturated steam (kJ/kg) = ',hg
print'The answers in the textbook are a bit different due to rounding off error'
# End
#pg 63
#calculate the specific enthalpy
print('Example 4.3');
# aim : To determine
# the specific enthalpy
# given values
P = 2; # pressure ,[MN/m^2]
t = 250; # Temperature, [C]
cp = 2.0934; # average value of specific heat capacity, [kJ/kg K]
# solution
# looking up steam table it shows that at given pressure saturation temperature is 212.4 C,so
tf = 212.4; # [C]
# hence,
Degree_of_superheat = t-tf;# [C]
# from table at given temperature 250 C
h = 2902; # specific enthalpy of steam at 250 C ,[kJ/kg]
# Also from steam table enthalpy at saturation temperature is
hf = 2797.2 ;# [kJ/kg]
# so enthalpy at given temperature is
h2 = hf+cp*(t-tf);# [kJ/kg]
#results
print 'The specific enthalpy of steam at 2 MN/m^2 with temperature 250 C (kJ/kg) = ',h
print 'The specific enthalpy at given T and P by alternative path (kJ/kg) = ',round(h2,1)
# End
#pg 63
#calculate the estimated and accurate specific enthalpy
print('Example 4.4');
import numpy
# aim : To determine
# the specific enthalpy of steam
# Given values
P = 2.5;# pressure, [MN/m^2]
t = 320; # temperature, [C]
# solution
# from steam table at given condition the saturation temperature of steam is 223.9 C, therefore steam is superheated
tf = 223.9;# [C]
# first let's calculate estimated enthalpy
# again from steam table
hg = 2800.9;# enthalpy at saturation temp, [kJ/kg]
cp =2.0934;# specific heat capacity of steam,[kJ/kg K]
# so enthalpy at given condition is
h = hg+cp*(t-tf);# [kJ/kg]
print ' The estimated specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) = ',round(h,2)
# calculation of accurate specific enthalpy
# we need double interpolation for this
# first interpolation w.r.t. to temperature
# At 2 MN/m^2
Table_t_h_x = [325.,300.];# where, t in [C] and h in [kJ/kg]
Table_t_h_y=[3083.,3025.]
h1 = numpy.interp(320.,Table_t_h_x,Table_t_h_y); # [kJ/kg]
# at 4 MN/m^2
Table_t_h_x = [325.,300.]; # t in [C] and h in [kJ/kg]
Table_t_h_y=[3031.,2962.]
h2 = numpy.interp(320.,Table_t_h_x,Table_t_h_y); # [kJ/kg]
# now interpolation w.r.t. pressure
Table_P_h_x = [4.,2.]; # where P in NM/m^2 and h1,h2 in kJ/kg
Table_P_h_y=[h2,h1]
h = numpy.interp(2.5,Table_P_h_x,Table_P_h_y);# [kJ/kg]
print ' The accurate specific enthalpy of steam at pressure of 2.5 MN/m^2 and with a temperature 320 C (kJ/kg) = ',h
# End
print ' The answer is a bit different from textbook due to rounding off error'
#pg 65
#calculate the specific enthalpy
print('Example 4.5');
# aim : To determine
# the specific enthalpy
# Given values
P = 70; # pressure, [kn/m^2]
x = .85; # Dryness fraction
# solution
# from steam table, at given pressure
hf = 376.8;# [kJ/kg]
hfg = 2283.3;# [kJ/kg]
# now using equation [2]
h = hf+x*hfg;# specific enthalpy of wet steam,[kJ/kg]
#results
print ' The specific enthalpy of wet steam (kJ/kg) = ',h
# There is minor variation in the book's answer
# End
#pg 68
#calculate the specific volume
print('Example 4.8');
# aim : To determine
# the specific volume of wet steam
# Given values
P = 1.25; # pressure, [MN/m^2]
x = .9; # dry fraction
# solution
# from steam table at given pressure
vg = .1569;# [m^3/kg]
# hence
v = x*vg; # [m^3/kg]
#results
print 'The specific volume of wet steam (m^3/kg) = ',v
# End
#pg 69
#calculate the specific volume and degree of superheat
print('Example 4.9');
# aim : To determine
# the specific volume
# Given values
t = 325; # temperature, [C]
P = 2; # pressure, [MN/m^2]
# solution
# from steam table at given t and P
vf = .1321; # [m^3/kg]
tf = 212.4; # saturation temperature, [C]
doh= t-tf; # degree of superheat, [C]
#results
print ' The specific volume of steam at pressure of 2 MN/m^2 and with temperature 325 C (m^3/kg) = ',vf
print ' The degree of superheat (C) = ',doh
# End
#pg 69
#calculate the mass of steam and water
print('Example .10');
import math
# aim : To determine
# (a) the mass of steam entering the heater
# (b) the mass of water entering the heater
# Given values
x = .95;# Dryness fraction
P = .7;# pressure,[MN/m**2]
d = 25;# internal diameter of heater,[mm]
C = 12; # steam velocity in the pipe,[m/s]
# solution
# from steam table at .7 MN/m**2 pressure
hf = 697.1;# [kJ/kg]
hfg = 2064.9;# [kJ/kg]
hg = 2762.0; # [kJ/kg]
vg = .273; # [m**3/kg]
# (a)
v = x*vg; # [m**3/kg]
ms_dot = math.pi*(d*10**-3)**2*C*3600/(4*v);# mass of steam entering, [kg/h]
# (b)
h = hf+x*hfg;# specific enthalpy of steam entering heater,[kJ/kg]
# again from steam tables
hf1 = 376.8;# [kJ/kg] at 90 C
hf2 = 79.8;# [kJ/kg] at 19 C
# using energy balance,mw_dot*(hf1-hf2)=ms_dot*(h-hf1)
mw_dot = ms_dot*(h-hf1)/(hf1-hf2);# mass of water entering to heater,[kg/h]
#results
print ' (a) The mass of steam entering the heater (kg/h) = ',round(ms_dot,1)
print ' (b) The mass of water entering the heater (kg/h) = ',round(mw_dot,2)
# End
#pg 72
#calculate the change in internal energy
print('Example 4.11');
# aim: To determine
# the change of internal energy
# Given values
m = 1.5;# mass of steam,[kg]
P1 = 1;# initial pressure, [MN/m**2]
t = 225;# temperature, [C]
P2 = .28;# final pressure, [MN/m**2]
x = .9;# dryness fraction of steam at P2
# solution
# from steam table at P1
h1 = 2886;# [kJ/kg]
v1 = .2198; # [m**3/kg]
# hence
u1 = h1-P1*v1*10**3;# internal energy [kJ/kg]
# at P2
hf2 = 551.4;# [kJ/kg]
hfg2 = 2170.1;# [kJ/kg]
vg2 = .646; # [m**3/kg]
# so
h2 = hf2+x*hfg2;# [kj/kg]
v2 = x*vg2;# [m**3/kg]
# now
u2 = h2-P2*v2*10**3;# [kJ/kg]
# hence change in specific internal energy is
del_u = u2-u1;# [kJ/kg]
del_u = m*del_u;# [kJ];
#results
print ' The change in internal energy (kJ) = ',del_u
# End
#pg 74
#calculate the dryness fraction
print('Example 4.12');
# aim : To determine
# the dryness fraction of steam after throttling
# given values
P1 = 1.4;# pressure before throttling, [MN/m^2]
x1 = .7;# dryness fraction before throttling
P2 = .11;# pressure after throttling, [MN/m^2]
# solution
# from steam table
hf1 = 830.1;# [kJ/kg]
hfg1 = 1957.7;# [kJ/kg]
h1 = hf1 + x1*hfg1; # [kJ/kg]
hf2 = 428.8;# [kJ/kg]
hfg2 = 2250.8;# [kJ/kg]
# now for throttling,
# hf1+x1*hfg1=hf2+x2*hfg2; where x2 is dryness fraction after throttling
x2=(h1-hf2)/hfg2; # final dryness fraction
#results
print ' Dryness fraction of steam after throttling is = ',round(x2,3)
# End
#pg 75
#calculate the dryness fraction and internal diameter
print('Example 4.13');
import math
# aim : To determine
# the dryness fraction of steam
# and the internal diameter of the pipe
# Given values
# steam1
P1 = 2.;# pressure before throttling, [MN/m^2]
t = 300.;# temperature,[C]
ms1_dot = 2.;# steam flow rate, [kg/s]
P2 = 800.;# pressure after throttling, [kN/m^2]
# steam2
P = 800.;# pressure, [N/m^2]
x2 = .9;# dryness fraction
ms2_dot = 5; # [kg/s]
# solution
# (a)
# from steam table specific enthalpy of steam1 before throttling is
hf1 = 3025;# [kJ/kg]
# for throttling process specific enthalpy will same so final specific enthalpy of steam1 is
hf2 = hf1;
# hence
h1 = ms1_dot*hf2;# [kJ/s]
# calculation of specific enthalpy of steam2
hf2 = 720.9;# [kJ/kg]
hfg2 = 2046.5;# [kJ/kg]
# hence
h2 = hf2+x2*hfg2;# specific enthalpy, [kJ/kg]
h2 = ms2_dot*h2;# total enthalpy, [kJ/s]
# after mixing
m_dot = ms1_dot+ms2_dot;# total mass of mixture,[kg/s]
h = h1+h2;# Total enthalpy of the mixture,[kJ/s]
h = h/7;# [kJ/kg]
# At pressure 800 N/m^2
hf = 720.9;# [kJ/kg]
hfg = 2046.5;# [kJ/kg]
# so total enthalpy is,hf+x*hfg, where x is dryness fraction of mixture and which is equal to h
# hence
x = (h-hf)/hfg;# dryness fraction after mixing
# (b)
# Given
C = 15;# velocity, [m/s]
# from steam table
v = .1255;# [m^/kg]
A = ms1_dot*v/C;# area, [m^2]
# using ms1_dot = A*C/v, where A is cross section area in m^2 and
# A = %pi*d^2/4, where d is diameter of the pipe
# calculation of d
d = math.sqrt(4*A/math.pi); # diameter, [m]
#results
print ' (a) The condition of the resulting mixture is dry with dryness fraction = ',round(x,3)
print ' (b) The internal diameter of the pipe (mm) = ',round(d*1000,2)
# End
#pg 78
#calculate the dryness fraction
print('Example 4.14');
# aim : To estimate
# the dryness fraction
# Given values
M = 1.8;# mass of condensate, [kg]
m = .2;# water collected, [kg]
# solution
x = M/(M+m);# formula for calculation of dryness fraction using seprating calorimeter
#results
print ' The dryness fraction of the steam entering seprating calorimeter is = ',x
# End
#pg 80
#calculate the dryness fraction
print('Example 4.15');
import numpy
# aim : To determine
# the dryness fraction of the steam at 2.2 MN/m^2
# Given values
P1 = 2.2;# [MN/m^2]
P2 = .13;# [MN/m^2]
t2 = 112;# [C]
tf2 = 150;# temperature, [C]
# solution
# from steam table, at 2.2 MN/m^2
# saturated steam at 2 MN/m^2 Pressure
hf1 = 931;# [kJ/kg]
hfg1 = 1870;# [kJ/kg]
hg1 = 2801;# [kJ/kg]
# for superheated steam
# at .1 MN/m^2
hg2 = 2675;# [kJ/kg]
hg2_150 = 2777;# specific enthalpy at 150 C, [kJ/kg]
tf2 = 99.6;# saturation temperature, [C]
# at .5 MN/m^2
hg3 = 2693;# [kJ/kg]
hg3_150 = 2773;# specific enthalpy at 150 C, [kJ/kg]
tf3 = 111.4;# saturation temperature, [C]
Table_P_h1_x = [.1,.5];# where, P in MN/m^2 and h in [kJ/kg]
Table_P_h1_y=[hg2,hg3]
hg = numpy.interp(.13,Table_P_h1_x,Table_P_h1_y);# specific entahlpy at .13 MN/m^2, [kJ/kg]
Table_P_h2_x = [.1,.5];# where, P in MN/m^2 and h in [kJ/kg]
Table_P_h2_y =[hg2_150,hg3_150];
hg_150 = numpy.interp(.13,Table_P_h2_x,Table_P_h2_y);# specific entahlpy at .13 MN/m^2 and 150 C, [kJ/kg]
Table_P_tf_x = [.1,.5];# where, P in MN/m^2 and h in [kJ/kg]
Table_P_tf_y = [tf2,tf3]
tf = numpy.interp(.13,Table_P_tf_x,Table_P_tf_y);# saturation temperature, [C]
# hence
h2 = hg+(hg_150-hg)/(t2-tf)/(tf2-tf);# specific enthalpy at .13 MN/m^2 and 112 C, [kJ/kg]
# now since process is throttling so h2=h1
# and h1 = hf1+x1*hfg1, so
x1 = (h2-hf1)/hfg1;# dryness fraction
#results
print ' The dryness fraction of steam is = ',round(x1,3)
print 'There is a calculation mistake in book so answer is not matching'
# End
#pg 82
#calculate the minimum dryness fraction
print('Example 4.16');
# aim : To determine
# the minimum dryness fraction of steam
# Given values
P1 = 1.8;# testing pressure,[MN/m^2]
P2 = .11;# pressure after throttling,[MN/m^2]
# solution
# from steam table
# at .11 MN/m^2 steam is completely dry and specific enthalpy is
hg = 2680;# [kJ/kg]
# before throttling steam is wet, so specific enthalpy is=hf+x*hfg, where x is dryness fraction
# from steam table
hf = 885.;# [kJ/kg]
hfg = 1912.;# [kJ/kg]
# now for throttling process,specific enthalpy will same before and after
# hence
x = (hg-hf)/hfg;
#results
print ' The minimum dryness fraction of steam is x = ',round(x,3)
# End
#pg 83
#calculate the mass of steam, final dryness and amount of heat
print('Example 4.17');
# aim : To determine the
# (a) mass of steam in the vessel
# (b) final dryness of the steam
# (c) amount of heat transferrred during the cooling process
# Given values
V1 = .8;# [m^3]
P1 = 360.;# [kN/m^2]
P2 = 200.;# [kN/m^2]
# solution
# (a)
# at 360 kN/m^2
vg1 = .510;# [m^3]
m = V1/vg1;# mass of steam,[kg]
# (b)
# at 200 kN/m^2
vg2 = .885;# [m^3/kg]
# the volume remains constant so
x = vg1/vg2;# final dryness fraction
# (c)
# at 360 kN/m^2
h1 = 2732.9;# [kJ/kg]
# hence
u1 = h1-P1*vg1;# [kJ/kg]
# at 200 kN/m^2
hf = 504.7;# [kJ/kg]
hfg=2201.6;#[kJ/kg]
# hence
h2 = hf+x*hfg;# [kJ/kg]
# now
u2 = h2-P2*vg1;# [kJ/kg]
# so
del_u = u2-u1;# [kJ/kg]
# from the first law of thermodynamics del_U+W=Q,
W = 0;# because volume is constant
del_U = m*del_u;# [kJ]
# hence
Q = del_U;# [kJ]
#results
print ' (a) The mass of steam in the vessel (kg) = ',round(m,3)
print ' (b) The final dryness fraction of the steam = ',round(x,3)
print ' (c) The amount of heat transferred during cooling process (kJ) = ',round(Q,1)
# End
#pg 84
#calculate the heat received by steam
print('Example 4.18');
# aim : To determine
# the heat received by the steam per kilogram
# Given values
# initial
P1 = 4;# pressure, [MN/m^2]
x1 = .95; # dryness fraction
# final
t2 = 350;# temperature,[C]
# solution
# from steam table, at 4 MN/m^2 and x1=.95
hf = 1087.4;# [kJ/kg]
hfg = 1712.9;# [kJ/kg]
# hence
h1 = hf+x1*hfg;# [kJ/kg]
# since pressure is kept constant ant temperature is raised so at this condition
h2 = 3095;# [kJ/kg]
# so by energy balance
Q = h2-h1;# Heat received,[kJ/kg]
#results
print ' The heat received by the steam (kJ/kg) = ',round(Q,1)
# End
#pg 85
#calculate the condition after the given cases
print('Example 4.19');
# aim : To determine the condition of the steam after
# (a) isothermal compression to half its initial volume,heat rejected
# (b) hyperbolic compression to half its initial volume
# Given values
V1 = .3951;# initial volume,[m^3]
P1 = 1.5;# initial pressure,[MN/m^2]
# solution
# (a)
# from steam table, at 1.5 MN/m^2
hf1 = 844.7;# [kJ/kg]
hfg1 = 1945.2;# [kJ/kg]
hg1 = 2789.9;# [kJ/kg]
vg1 = .1317;# [m^3/kg]
# calculation
m = V1/vg1;# mass of steam,[kg]
vg2b = vg1/2;# given,[m^3/kg](vg2b is actual specific volume before compression)
x1 = vg2b/vg1;# dryness fraction
h1 = m*(hf1+x1*hfg1);# [kJ]
Q = m*x1*hfg1;# heat loss,[kJ]
print ' (a) The Quantity of steam present (kg) = ',m
print ' Dryness fraction is = ',x1
print ' The enthalpy (kJ) = ',h1
print ' The heat loss (kJ) = ',Q
# (b)
V2 = V1/2;
# Given compression is according to the law PV=Constant,so
P2 = P1*V1/V2;# [MN/m^2]
# from steam table at P2
hf2 = 1008.4;# [kJ/kg]
hfg2 = 1793.9;# [kJ/kg]
hg2 = 2802.3;# [kJ/kg]
vg2 = .0666;# [m^3/kg]
# calculation
x2 = vg2b/vg2;# dryness fraction
h2 = m*(hf2+x2*hfg2);# [kJ]
print ' (b) The dryness fraction is = ',round(x2,3)
print ' The enthalpy (kJ) = ',round(h2,1)
# End
#pg 88
#calculate the mass of steam, work transfer, change of internal energy, heat exchange
print('Example 4.20');
# aim : To determine the
# (a) mass of steam
# (b) work transfer
# (c) change of internal energy
# (d) heat exchange b/w the steam and surroundings
# Given values
P1 = 2.1;# initial pressure,[MN/m**2]
x1 = .9;# dryness fraction
V1 = .427;# initial volume,[m**3]
P2 = .7;# final pressure,[MN/m**2]
# Given process is polytropic with
n = 1.25; # polytropic index
# solution
# from steam table
# at 2.1 MN/m**2
hf1 = 920.0;# [kJ/kg]
hfg1=1878.2;# [kJ/kg]
hg1=2798.2;# [kJ/kg]
vg1 = .0949;# [m**3/kg]
# and at .7 MN/m**2
hf2 = 697.1;# [kJ/kg]
hfg2 = 2064.9;# [kJ/kg]
hg2 = 2762.0;# [kJ/kg]
vg2 = .273;# [m**3/kg]
#calculations and results
# (a)
v1 = x1*vg1;# [m**3/kg]
m = V1/v1;# [kg]
print ' (a) The mass of steam present (kg) = ',round(m)
# (b)
# for polytropic process
v2 = v1*(P1/P2)**(1/n);# [m**3/kg]
x2 = v2/vg2;# final dryness fraction
# work transfer
W = m*(P1*v1-P2*v2)*10**3/(n-1);# [kJ]
print ' (b) The work transfer (kJ) = ',round(W)
# (c)
# initial
h1 = hf1+x1*hfg1;# [kJ/kg]
u1 = h1-P1*v1*10**3;# [kJ/kg]
# final
h2 = hf2+x2*hfg2;# [kJ/kg]
u2 = h2-P2*v2*10**3;# [kJ/kg]
del_U = m*(u2-u1);# [kJ]
print ' (c) The change in internal energy (kJ) = ',round(del_U)
if(del_U<0):
print('since del_U<0,so this is loss of internal energy')
else:
print('since del_U>0,so this is gain in internal energy')
# (d)
Q = del_U+W;# [kJ]
print ' (d) The heat exchange between the steam and surrounding (kJ) = ',round(Q,1)
if(Q<0):
print('since Q<0,so this is loss of heat energy to surrounding')
else:
print('since Q>0,so this is gain in heat energy to the steam')
print 'there are minor vairations in the values reported in the book due to rounding off error'
# End
#pg 91
#calculate the volume, dryness fraction and change in internal energy
print('Example 4.21');
# aim : To determine the
# (a) volume occupied by steam
# (b)(1) final dryness fraction of steam
# (2) Change of internal energy during expansion
# (a)
# Given values
P1 = .85;# [mN/m**2]
x1 = .97;
# solution
# from steam table, at .85 MN/m**2,
vg1 = .2268;# [m**3/kg]
# hence
v1 = x1*vg1;# [m**3/kg]
print ' (a) The volume occupied by 1 kg of steam (m^3/kg) = ',round(v1,2)
# (b)(1)
P2 = .17;# [MN/m**2]
# since process is polytropic process with
n = 1.13; # polytropic index
# hence
v2 = v1*(P1/P2)**(1/n);# [m**3/kg]
# from steam table at .17 MN/m**2
vg2 = 1.031;# [m**3/kg]
# steam is wet so
x2 = v2/vg2;# final dryness fraction
print ' (b)(1) The final dryness fraction of the steam = ',round(x2,3)
# (2)
W = (P1*v1-P2*v2)*10**3/(n-1);# [kJ/kg]
# since process is adiabatic, so
del_u = -W;# [kJ/kg]
print ' (2) The change in internal energy of the steam during expansion is (kJ/kg) (This is a loss of internal energy) = ',round(del_u)
print' There are minor variation in the answer due to rounding off error'
# End