Chapter 1: Fundamental Concepts and Definitions¶

Example 1.1 Page No. 34¶

In [4]:
p=700		  #pressure of fluid in kN/m**2
v1=0.28		#Initial volume of fluid in m**3
v2=1.68		#Final volume of fluid in m**3

#Calculations
W=p*(v2-v1)	#Work done in kJ

#Output
print'The Work done is',round(W,1),'KJ or',round(W/1000,3),'MJ'

The Work done is 980.0 KJ or 0.98 MJ


Example 1.2 Page No.35¶

In [9]:
p1=138.0		#Initial pressure of gas in kN/m**2
p2=690.0		#Final pressure of gas in kN/m**2
v1=0.112		#Initial volume in m**3

#Calculations
P=p1/p2		#Pressure ratio
v2=v1*(P**(1/1.4))	#Final volume of gas in m**3

#Output
print'The new volume of the gas is',round(v2,3),"m**3"

The new volume of the gas is 0.035 m**3


Example 1.3 Page No. 35¶

In [5]:
p1=2070		#Initial pressure of gas in kN/m**2
p2=207		#Final pressure of gas in kN/m**2
v1=0.014		#Initial volume of gas in m**3
n=1.35		#constant

#Calculations
P=p1/p2		#Pressure ratio
v2=v1*(P**(1/1.35))	#Final volume of gas in m**3
W=(p1*v1-p2*v2)/(n-1)	#Work done in kJ

#Output
print'(a)Final volume of gas ',round(v2,3),"m**3 "
print'(b)Work done by the gas during the expansion is',round(W,2),"kJ"

(a)Final volume of gas  0.077 m**3
(b)Work done by the gas during the expansion is 37.22 kJ


Example 1.4 Page No.36¶

In [6]:
v1=0.056		#Initial volume of gas in m**3
v2=0.007		#Final volume of gas in m**3
p1=100		#Initial perssure compressed Isothermally in kN/m**2

#Calculations
p2=(p1*v1)/v2	#Final pressure in kN/m**2
W=p1*v1*(math.log(v2/v1))	#Work done in kJ

#Output
print'(a)Final pressure is',round(p2,0),"kN/m**2 "
print'(b)The work done on gas is',round(-W,2), "kJ"

(a)Final pressure is 800.0 kN/m**2
(b)The work done on gas is 11.64 kJ


Example 1.5 Page No. 37¶

In [7]:
v1=1.0		#Initial volume in m**3
v2=3.0		#Final volume in m**3

#Calculations
import math
W=10**5*(((v2**3-v1**3)/3)+8*(math.log(v2/v1)))	#Work done in J

#Output
print'The work done is',round(W,0),"Nm"

The work done is 1745556.0 Nm


Example 1.6 Page No. 38¶

In [8]:
v1=0.2	#Initial volume in m**3
v2=0.5	#Final volume in m**3

#Calculations
W=1500*(((v2**2-v1**2)/200)+(v2-v1))/1000	#Work done in kJ

#Output
print'The work done by the gas is',round(W,4),"KJ"

The work done by the gas is 0.4516 KJ


Example 1.8 Page No. 39¶

In [20]:
v1=1.5		#Initial volume in m**3
v2=2		#Final volume in m**3
w1=2		#Work receiving in Nm
p=6		#constsnt pressure of gas in N/m**2

#Calculations
w2=p*(v2-v1)	#Work done in Nm
W=w2-w1		#Net work done by the system in Nm

#Output
print'Net work done by the system is',round(W,2),"Nm"

Net work done by the system is 1.0 Nm


Example 1.9 Page No. 40¶

In [10]:
d=13596		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
g=9.806		#gravity in m/sec**2
z=760.0		#Barometer pressure in mm of Hg
Pv=40.0		#Vaccum pressure in cm
dw=1000.0		#Density of water in kg/m**3
Zw=1.5		#Level of water in m

#Calculations
p=(d*g*z)/10**6	#Pressure in kPa
p1=(80/76.0)*p	#Pressure in kPa
Pa=p-Pv		#Absolute pressure in kPa
p2=(36/76.0)*p	#Pressure in kPa
p3=(dw*g*Zw)/1000.0		#pressure in kPa
p4=(5.2*10**5)/1000.0	#pressure in kPa

#Output
print'(a)Pressure of 80cm of Hg is',round(p1,2),"kPa"
print'(b)Pressure of 40cm of Hg vaccum is',round(p2,2), "kPa "
print'(c)Pressure due to 1.5m of water coloumn is',round(p3*1000,4),"N/m**2or Pa"
print'(d)Pressure in kPa for 5.2bar is',round(p4,2),"kPa"

(a)Pressure of 80cm of Hg is 106.66 kPa
(b)Pressure of 40cm of Hg vaccum is 48.0 kPa
(c)Pressure due to 1.5m of water coloumn is 14709.0 N/m**2or Pa
(d)Pressure in kPa for 5.2bar is 520.0 kPa


Example 1.10 Page No.41¶

In [13]:
z=750		#Barometric pressure in mm of Hg
g=9.81		#Gravity in m/sec**2
Pa=101.325	#one atm pressure in kN/m**2
Pg=3.3		#Pressure in atm
Pf=3.2		#Pressure in m of water
d=13596		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3

#calculations
Pp=(d*g*z)/10**6		     #Pressure in kPa
p1=(d*g*0.55)/1000.0		 #Pressure in kPa
p2=Pp+(Pg*101.325)	       #Pressure in kPa
p3=Pp+(Pf*g*100)/1000.0	#Pressure in kPa
p4=4.6*100		           #Pressure in kPa

#Output
print'(a)Pressure of 55cm of Hg (Abs)',round(p1,1),"KPa"
print'(b)Pressure at 3.3 atm (Gauge)',round(p2,1),"kPa"
print'(c)Pressure of 3.2m of water (Gauge)',round(p3,1),"kPa"
print'NOTE: In the book there is mistake in calculation p3 '
print'(d)Pressure of 4.6bar (Abs)',round(p4,1),"kPa"

(a)Pressure of 55cm of Hg (Abs) 73.4 KPa
(b)Pressure at 3.3 atm (Gauge) 434.4 kPa
(c)Pressure of 3.2m of water (Gauge) 103.2 kPa
NOTE: In the book there is mistake in calculation p3
(d)Pressure of 4.6bar (Abs) 460.0 kPa


Example 1.11 Page No. 42¶

In [4]:
Zw=50		#Manometer reading of water in cm
Zo=763		#Atmospheric pressure in mm of Hg
d=13.6*10**3	#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
dw=1000		#Density of water in kg/m**3
g=9.81		#Gravity in m/sec**2

#Calculations
Pa=(d*g*Zo)/10**6		#Atmospheric pressure in kPa
Pg=(dw*g*Zw)/10**5	#Gauge pressure in kPa
Pab=Pa+Pg		#Absolute pressure in kPa

#Output
print'Absolute pressure is',round(Pab,2),"kPa"

Absolute pressure is 106.7 kPa


Example 1.12 Page No. 42¶

In [5]:
Z=70			#Vaccum gauge reading in cm of Hg
Pa=101.325		#Atmospheric pressure in kPa
d=13.6*10**3		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
g=9.81			#Gravity in m/sec**2

#Calculations
Pv=(d*g*Z)/10**5		#Vaccum pressure in kPa
Pab=Pa-Pv		#Absolute pressure in kPa

#Output
print'Absolute pressure is',round(Pab,2),"kPa"

Absolute pressure is 7.93 kPa


Example 1.13 Page No. 43¶

In [6]:
Pv=30		#Vaccum pressure in kPa
Z=755		#Barometer reading in mm of Hg
d=13590		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
g=9.81		#Gravity in m/sec**2

#calculations
Pab=Pa-Pv	#Absolute pressure in kPa

#Output
print'Asolute pressure in the tank is',round(Pab,2),"kPa"

Asolute pressure in the tank is 70.66 kPa


Example 1.14 Page No. 43¶

In [14]:

Z=0.562		#Level of open limb in m
Z1=0.761		#Barometer reading in m of Hg
g=9.79		#Gravity in m/sec**2
d=13640		#Density of Hg in kg/m**2

#Calculations
Pa=(d*g*Z1)/1000.0	#Atmospheric pressure in kPa
Ph=(d*g*Z)/1000.0	#Pressure exercterd due to height in kPa
Pab=Pa+Ph	#Absolute pressure in kPa

#Output
print'The gas pressure is',round(Pab,3),"kN/m**2"

The gas pressure is 176.668 kN/m**2


Example 1.15 Page No. 44¶

In [16]:
d=13.596*10**3	#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
dl=800		#Density of liquid in kg/m**3
Z=30		#Level of the liquid in the arm in cm
Z1=0.75		#Barometric pressure in m
g=9.81		#Gravity in m/sec**2

#Calculatins
Pg=(dl*g*Z)/10**7	#Gauge pressure in bar
Pa=(d*g*Z1)/10**5	#Atmospheric pressure in bar
Pab=Pa+Pg           #Absolute pressure in bar

#Output
print'Absolute pressure of the gas is',round(Pab,2),"bar"
print'NOTE:In the book there is calculation mistake in last step'

Absolute pressure of the gas is 1.02 bar
NOTE:In the book there is calculation mistake in last step


Example 1.16 Page No. 45¶

In [18]:
Z1=0.17		#Level of liquid in m
d=13596		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
g=9.806		#Gravity in m/sec**2
s=0.8		#Specific gravity
d1=1000		#Density of water in kg/m**3

#Calculations
dl=s*d1		#Density of given liquid in kg/m**3
Pa=d*g*Z		#Atmospheric pressure in N/m**2
p=dl*g*Z1	#Pressure in N/m**2
Pab=(Pa-p)/10**5	#Absolute pressure in bar

#Output
print'Absolute pressure of the gas is',round(Pab),"bar"

Absolute pressure of the gas is 1.0 bar


Example 1.17 Page No. 46¶

In [23]:
g=9.806		#Gravity in m/sec**2
d=13596		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
Z=9.75		#Level of Hg in cm
dw=1000		#Density of water in kg/m**3
Zw=0.034		#Coloumn of condensate in m
Zo=0.76		#Atmospheric pressure in m of Hg

#Calculations
P=dw*g*Zw	       #Pressure in N/m**2
Pa=d*g*Zo	       #Atmospheric pressure in N/m**2
Pg=(d*g*Z)/100.0	#Gauge pressure in N/m**2
Pab=(Pa+Pg-P)/10**5	#Absolute pressure in bar

#Output
print'Pressure due to height is',round(P,3),'N/m**2'
print'Atmospheric Pressure is ',round(Pa,0),'N/m**2'
print'Absolute pressure of steam is',round(Pab,4),"bar"

Pressure due to height is 333.404 N/m**2
Atmospheric Pressure is  101325.0 N/m**2
Absolute pressure of steam is 1.1399 bar


Example 1.18 Page No. 47¶

In [16]:
g=9.7		    #Gravity in m/sec**2
d=13.69*10**3	#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
dw=1000		  #Density of water in kg/m**3
Pa=98	    	#Atmospheric pressure in kPa
Z=0.6	    	#Manometer level difference in m of Hg
Zw=0.04		  #Water coloumn level in m

#Calculations
Pw=(dw*g*Zw)/1000.0	#Pressure due to water in kPa
Pg=(d*g*Z)/1000.0		#Pressure in kPa
Pab1=Pa+Pg-Pw		#Absolute pressure in kPa
Pab=Pab1/100.0		 #Absolute pressure in bar

#Output
print'The absolute pressure of steam is',round(Pab,2),"bar"

The absolute pressure of steam is 1.77 bar


Example 1.19 Page No. 48¶

In [17]:
Z=0.76		#Actual height of mercury coloumn in m
g=9.806		#Gravity in m/sec**2
d=13596		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
dw=1000		#Density of water in kg/m**3
Zw=0.035		#Height of condensate coloumn in m
Zh=0.10		#Height of mercury coloumn in m

#Calculations
Pa=d*g*Z		#Atmospheric pressure in N/m**2
Pw=dw*g*Zw	#Pressure due to water in N/m**2
Ph=d*g*Zh	#Pressure due to Hg in N/m**2
Pab=(Pa+Ph-Pw)/10**5	#Absolute pressure in bar

#Output
print'Absolute pressure of steam in the pipe is',round(Pab,2),"bar"

Absolute pressure of steam in the pipe is 1.14 bar


Example 1.20Page No. 49¶

In [19]:
dk=800		#Density of kerosene in kg/m**3
g=9.81		#gravity in m/sec**2
Zk=0.051		#Kerosene vapour on Hg coloumn in m
d=13600		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
Zh=0.1		#Hg level in m
Z=0.755		#Atmospheric pressure in m of Hg

#Calculations
Pk=dk*g*Zk		       #Pressure of kerosene in N/m**2
Pa=d*g*Z		         #Atmospheric pressure in N/m**2
Ph=d*g*Zh            	#Pressure due to Hg in N/m**2
Pab=(Pa+Ph-Pk)/1000.0	#Absolute pressure in kPa

#Output
print'Absolute pressure of vapour is ',round(Pab,2),"kPa"

Absolute pressure of vapour is  113.67 kPa


Example 1.21 Page No. 50¶

In [21]:
d=13596		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
g=9.806		#Gravity in m/sec**2
df=0.8*1000	#Density of fluid in kg/m**3
Z=0.76		#Atmospheric pressure in m of Hg
Zf=0.3		#Height of fluid coloumn in m

#Calculations
P=df*g*Zf	#Pressure due to fluid in N/m**2
Pab=(Pa+P)/10**5	#Absolute pressure in bar
Zh=((Pab*10**5-Pa)/(d*g))*100	#Difference between the height of Hg coloumn in 2 arms in m

#Output
print'(a)The Absolute pressure of the gas in pipe line Pab',round(Pab,2)," bar"
print'(b)If the fluid used is Hg then the difference of height of Hg coloumn in the 2 arms is',round(Zh,2),"cm"

 (a)The Absolute pressure of the gas in pipe line Pab 1.04  bar
(b)If the fluid used is Hg then the difference of height of Hg coloumn in the 2 arms is 1.77 cm


Example 1.22 Page No. 51¶

In [24]:
Pa=1		#Atmospheric pressure in bar
g=9.81		#Gravity in m/sec**2
do=0.8*1000	#Density of oil in kg/m**3
Zo=0.8		#Level of oil in m
dw=1000		#Density of water in kg/m**3
Zw=0.65		#Level of water in m
d=13.6*10**3	#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
Z=0.45		#Level of Hg in m

#Calculations
Po=(do*g*Zo)/10**5	#Pressure of oil in bar
Pw=(dw*g*Zw)/10**5	#Pressure of water in bar
P=(d*g*Z)/10**5		#Pressure of Hg in bar
Pab=Pa+Po+Pw+P		#Pressure at the bottom of the coloumn in bar
Pow=Pa+Po		#Pressure at the interface of oil and water in bar
Poh=Pa+Po+Pw		#Pressure at the interface of water and Hg

#Output
print'(a)Pressure at the bottom of the coloumn is',round(Pab,2),"bar"
print'(b)Pressure at the inter surface of oil and water ia',round(Pow,3),"bar "
print'(c)Pressure at the inter surface of water and Hg ',round(Poh,3),"bar"

(a)Pressure at the bottom of the coloumn is 1.73 bar
(b)Pressure at the inter surface of oil and water ia 1.063 bar
(c)Pressure at the inter surface of water and Hg  1.127 bar


Example 1.23 Page No. 52¶

In [26]:
Z=0.76		#Barometer reading in m
g=9.81		#Gravity in m/sec**2
d=13.6*10**3	#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
Pab=1.2*10**5	#Absolute pressure in N/m**2
do=0.8*1000	#Density of oil in kg/m**3
dw=1000		#Density of water in kg/m**3
dh=13.6*10**3	#Density of Hg in kg/m**3

#calculations
Pa=dh*g*Z	#Atmospheric pressure in N/m**2
Pg=Pab-Pa	#Gauge pressure in N/m**2
Zo=Pg/(do*g)	#Height of oil in manometer in m
Pw=Pab-Pa	#Pressure exercted by water in N/m**2
Zw=Pw/(dw*g)	#Height of water in manometer in m
P=Pab-Pa		#Pressure of Hg in N/m**2
Zh=P/(d*g)	#Height of Hg in manometer in m

#Output
print'(a)The height of fluid for oil Manometer',round(Zo,2),"m "
print'(b)The height of fluid for water Manometer ia',round(Zw,2),"m"
print'(c)The height of fluid for Hg Manometer is',round(Zh,3),"m"

(a)The height of fluid for oil Manometer 2.37 m
(b)The height of fluid for water Manometer ia 1.9 m
(c)The height of fluid for Hg Manometer is 0.139 m


Example 1.24 Page No. 54¶

In [26]:
Zg=0.753		#Barometer reading at ground level in m
Zp=0.690		#Pilots barometer reading in the plane in m
d=13600		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
g=9.81		 #Gravity in m/sec**2
da=1.25		#Density of air in kg/m**3

#Calculations
Pg=d*g*Zg	#Pressure at ground level in N/m**2
Pp=d*g*Zp	#Pressure at plane level in N/m**2
P=Pg-Pp		#Change of pressure at ground level and that of plane level in N/m**2
Za=P/(da*g)	#Altitude of plane from ground in m

#Output
print'The altitude of the plane from ground level is',round(Za,1),"m"

The altitude of the plane from ground level is 685.4 m


Example 1.25 Page No. 54¶

In [29]:
dw=1000		#Density of water in kg/m**3
dh=13590		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3
Pa=400		#Pressure at A in kPa
g=9.81		#Gravity in N/m**2
Zw1=2.5		#First level of water in m
Zw2=0.4		#Second level of water in m
Zh=0.6		#Level of Hg in m

#Calculations
Pw1=dw*g*Zw1	#First level of water pressure in N/m**2
Pw2=dw*g*Zw2	#Second level of water pressure in n/m**2
Ph=dh*g*Zh	#Pressure of Hg in N/m**2
Pb=((Pa*1000)+Pw1+Pw2-Ph)/1000	#Pressure exercted at B in kPa

#Output
print'Pressure exercted at B is',round(Pb,2),"KPa"

Pressure exercted at B is 348.46 KPa


Example 1.26 Page No. 55¶

In [27]:
do=0.902*10**3	#Density of oil in kg/m**3
Pg=2*10**5	 #Gauge pressure in N/m**2
g=9.81		 #Gravity in m/sec**2
ho=2		   #Level of oil in m
d=2		    #Diameter of cylinder in m
pi=3.141595	#Constant value of pi

#Calculations
A=(pi/4.0)*d**2   #Area of cylinder
Po=do*g*ho	    # Pressure due to oil in N/m**2
W=(Pg+Po)*A	   #Weight of the piston in N

#Output
print'The total weight of piston and slab is',round(W,2),"N"

The total weight of piston and slab is 683916.56 N


Example 1.27 Page No. 56¶

In [35]:
m=21		#Mass of piston in kg
P1=600		#Pressure in the pipe 1 in kPa
P2=170		#Pressure in the pipe 2 in kPa
d1=0.10		#Diameter of the piston 1 in m
d2=0.20		#Diameter of the piston 2 in m
pi=3.14155	#Constant value of pi

#Calculations
F=(m*9.81)/1000		#Force due to mass in kN
F1=(pi/4)*d1**2*P1		#Force 1 acting on 10 cm diameter piston in kN
F2=(pi/4)*(d2**2-d1**2)*P2	#Force 2 acting on 20 cm diameter piston in kN
F3=F+F1+F2		#Total downward force in kN
P3=F3/((pi/4)*d2**2)	#Pressure 3 in the gas in kPa

#Output
print'The pressure in the gas is ',round(P3,2),"KPa"

The pressure in the gas is  284.06 KPa


Example 1.28 Page No. 57¶

In [37]:
P1=0.755		#Barometric reading at the bottom of the building in m
P2=0.73		#Barometric reading at the top of the building in m
da=1.18		#Density of air in kg/m**3
g=9.81		#Gravitalional constant in m/sec**2
d=13600		#Density of Hg in kg/m**3

#Calculations
h=((P1-P2)*d*g)/(da*g)  #The height of the building in m

#Output
print'The height of the building ',round(h,1),"m"

The height of the building  288.1 m


Example 1.29 Page No. 58¶

In [38]:
PA=200		#Gauge pressure reading for A in kPa
PB=120		#Gauge pressure reading for B in kPa
hb=750		#Barometer reading in mm of Hg
g=9.806		#Gravitational constant in m/sec**2
d=13597		#Density of Hg in barometer in kg/m**3

#Calculations
Pa=d*g*hb/10**6	#Atmospheric pressure in kPa
Pab1=PA+Pa	#Absolute pressure in container A in kPa
Pab2=PB+Pab1	#Absolute pressure in container B in kPa

#Output
print'(a)The absolute pressure in the container A is',round(Pab1,1),"kPa"
print'(b)The absolute pressure in the container B is ',round(Pab2,2),"kPa"

(a)The absolute pressure in the container A is 300.0 kPa
(b)The absolute pressure in the container B is  420.0 kPa


Example 1.30 Page No. 59¶

In [27]:
C1=40		 #Temperature 1 in degree centigrade
C2=-20		#Temperature 2 in degree centigrade

#calculations
F1=((C1/100.0)*180)+32	#Temperature 1 in Fahrenheit
F2=((C2/100.0)*180)+32	#Temperature 2 in Fahrenheit

#Output
print'(a)Temperature after converting 40 degree C is',round(F1,2),"F"
print'(b)Temperature after convertibg -20 degree C is ',round(F2,2),"F"

(a)Temperature after converting 40 degree C is 104.0 F
(b)Temperature after convertibg -20 degree C is  -4.0 F


Example 1.31 Page No. 59¶

In [40]:
C=(-32/180.0)/((1/100.0)-(1/180.0))	#Centrigade temperature in degree C
F=C			#Fahrenheit temperature in degree Fahrenheit

print'The temperature which has the same value on both the centrigrade and fahrenheit scales is',C

The temperature which has the same value on both the centrigrade and fahrenheit scales is -40.0


Example 1.32 Page No. 59¶

In [1]:
P1=1.5		#Thermometric properties at ice point
P2=7.5		#Thermometric properties at steam point
P3=3.5		#Thermometric property

#Calculations
import math
M = array([[math.log(P2), 1], [math.log(P1), 1]])
N=([100,0])
X=inv(M)*N #Inverse matrix
a=X[0,0]
b=X[1,0]
t=(a*math.log(P3)+b)	#Required temperature in degree C

#Output
print'The required temperature is ',round(t,2),"C"

The required temperature is  52.65 C


Example 1.33 Page No. 60¶

In [21]:
T1=100
T2=300             #Temperature of ice and steam point in the scale
P1=1.86		      #Values of thermometric properties at ice point nad steam point respectively
P2=6.8
P=2.5			  #Thermometric property

#Calculations
import math
#aln(P2)+b=300     #Costants in the temprature scale reading, a and b
#aln(P1)+b=100
#Solving above two equations
a=(T2-T1)/(math.log(P2/P1))
b=T2-a*math.log(P2)
t=(a*math.log(P)+b)	#Required temperature in degree C

#Output
print'Temperature corresponding to the thermometric property is ',round(t,1),"C"

Temperature corresponding to the thermometric property is  145.6 C


Example 1.34 Page No. 60¶

In [20]:
p1=32.0		 #Pressure in mm of Hg at triple point of water
p2=76.0		 #Pressure in mm of Hg above atmospheric pressure
p3=752.0		#Barometric pressure in mm of Hg
T=273.16		#Triple point of water in K

#Calculations
P1=p3+p1	#Total pressure in mm of Hg
P2=p2+p3	#Total pressure in mm of Hg
T2=((T*P2)/P1)-273.16	#Temperture in degree C

#Output
print'Temperature is ',round(T2,2),"C"

Temperature is  15.33 C


Example 1.35 Page No.61¶

In [39]:
T1=32		#Temperatures of ice point and steam point respectively
T2=212
P1=1.86		    #P values at ice point and steam point respectively
P2=6.81

#Calculations
import math
#aln(P1)+b=32     #Costants in the given temprature scale reading, a and b
#aln(P2)+b=212
#Solving above two equations
a=(T2-T1)/(math.log(P2/P1))
b=T2-a*math.log(P2)
t=(a*math.log(P)+b)	#Required temperature in degree C

#Output
print'Temperature corresponding to the thermometric property is ',round(t,0),"C"

Temperature corresponding to the thermometric property is  73.0 C

In [ ]: