Chapter7-Transistor Biasing and Stabilization Techniques

Ex1-pg233

In [1]:
##Ex7_1
import math
Ie = 6.0*10**-3
Ve = 1.1
Re = Ve/Ie
print'%s %.2f %s'%("Ie = ",(Ie),"A")##current flowing in emitter resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("Ve = ",(Ve),"V")##voltage drop across emitter resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("Re = ",(Re),"ohm")##emitter resistance

Ie =  0.01 A
Ve =  1.10 V
Re =  183.33 ohm

Ex2-pg233

In [2]:
##Ex7_2
import math
TA = 30.
TJ = 48.
PD = 4.
TR = (TJ - TA)/PD
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TA = ",(TA),"degreeC")##ambient temperature at which transistor is operated
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TJ = ",(TJ),"degreeC")##junction temperature
print'%s %.2f %s'%("PD = ",(PD),"W")##dissipated power
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TR = (TJ - TA)/PD = ",(TR),"degreeC/W")##termal resistance

TA =  30.00 degreeC
TJ =  48.00 degreeC
PD =  4.00 W
TR = (TJ - TA)/PD =  4.50 degreeC/W

Ex3-pg233

In [3]:
##Ex7_3
import math
TA = 28.
TJ = 50.
TR = 10.
PD = (TJ - TA)/TR
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TA = ",(TA),"degreeC")##ambient temperature at which transistor is operated
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TJ = ",(TJ),"degreeC")##junction temperature
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TR = ",(TR),"degreeC/W")##termal resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("PD = (TJ - TA)/TR = ",(PD),"W")##dissipated power

TA =  28.00 degreeC
TJ =  50.00 degreeC
TR =  10.00 degreeC/W
PD = (TJ - TA)/TR =  2.20 W

Ex4-pg234

In [4]:
##Ex7_4
import math
RC = 4.*10**3
RB = 1.2*10**6
VCC = 9.
VBE = .2
beta = 80.
print'%s %.2f %s'%("RC = ",(RC),"ohm")##collector resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("RB = ",(RB),"ohm")##base resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VCC = ",(VCC),"V")##collector supply voltage
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VBE = ",(VBE),"V")##voltage across base and emittter
print'%s %.2f %s'%("beta = ",(beta),"")##current gain
IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB
print'%s %.2e %s'%("IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB = ",(IB),"A")##base current
IC = beta*IB
print'%s %.2e %s'%("IC = beta*IB = ",(IC),"A")##collector current
VCE = VCC - (IC*RC)
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VCE = VCC - (IC*RC) = ",(VCE),"V")##collector-emitter voltage
print'%s %.2f %s  %.4f %s'%("The Q-point is(",(VCE),"V"and " ",(IC),"A")##Q-point in fixed bias circuit

RC =  4000.00 ohm
RB =  1200000.00 ohm
VCC =  9.00 V
VBE =  0.20 V
beta =  80.00 
IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB =  7.33e-06 A
IC = beta*IB =  5.87e-04 A
VCE = VCC - (IC*RC) =  6.65 V
The Q-point is( 6.65    0.0006 A

Ex5-pg235

In [5]:
##Ex7_5
import math
VBE = 0.6
beta = 100.
print'%s %.2f %s'%("beta = ",(beta),"")##current gain
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VBE = ",(VBE),"V")##voltage across base and emitter
##according to given circuit;
VCC = 12.
RC = 5.*10**3
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VCC = ",(VCC),"V")##collector supply voltage
print'%s %.2f %s'%("RC = ",(RC),"ohm")##collector resistance
## optimum operating point is half of (VCC/RC)
IC = (1./2.)*(VCC/RC)
print'%s %.4f %s'%("IC = VCC/(2*RC) = ",(IC),"A")##collector current at optimum operating point
IB = IC/beta
print'%s %.2e %s'%("IB = IC/beta = ",(IB),"A")##base current
##from the closed circuit in the given fig., we have
print("IB*RB = VCC - VBE")
RB = (VCC - VBE)/IB 
print'%s %.2f %s'%("RB = (VCC - VBE)/IB = ",(RB),"ohm")##veriable resistance across base-collector as given in circuit

beta =  100.00 
VBE =  0.60 V
VCC =  12.00 V
RC =  5000.00 ohm
IC = VCC/(2*RC) =  0.0012 A
IB = IC/beta =  1.20e-05 A
IB*RB = VCC - VBE
RB = (VCC - VBE)/IB =  950000.00 ohm

Ex6-pg235

In [7]:
##Ex7_6
import math
RC = 2.*10**3
beta = 100.
VCC = 9.
RB = 500.*10**3
VBE = 0.6
print'%s %.2f %s'%("RC = ",(RC),"ohm")##collector resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("beta = ",(beta),"")##current gain
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VCC = ",(VCC),"V")##collector supply voltage
print'%s %.2f %s'%("RB = ",(RB),"ohm")##base resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VBE = ",(VBE),"V")##base-emitter voltage
IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB
print'%s %.2e %s'%("IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB = ",(IB),"Amp")##base current
IC = beta*IB
print'%s %.4f %s'%("IC = beta*IB = ",(IC),"A")##collector current
VCE = VCC - IC*RC
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VCE = VCC - IC*RC = ",(VCE),"V")##collector-emitter voltage
print'%s %.2f %s  %.2e %s '%("operating point is(",(VCE),"V "  and " ",(IC),"A)")

RC =  2000.00 ohm
beta =  100.00 
VCC =  9.00 V
RB =  500000.00 ohm
VBE =  0.60 V
IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB =  1.68e-05 Amp
IC = beta*IB =  0.0017 A
VCE = VCC - IC*RC =  5.64 V
operating point is( 5.64    1.68e-03 A)

Ex7-pg236

In [8]:
##Ex7_7
import math
VCC = 12.
RB = 300.*10**3
RC = 1.5*10**3
Re = 2.*10**3
beta = 100.
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VCC = ",(VCC),"V")##collector supply voltage
print'%s %.2f %s'%("RB = ",(RB),"ohm")##base resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("RC = ",(RC),"ohm")##collector resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("Re = ",(Re),"ohm")##emitter resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("beta = ",(beta),"")##current gain
IB = VCC/(RB + beta*Re)
print'%s %.2e %s'%("IB = VCC/(RB + beta*Re) = ",(IB),"A")##base current
IC = beta*IB
print'%s %.2e %s'%("IC = beta*IB = ",(IC),"A")##collector current
IE = IB + IC
print'%s %.2e %s'%("IE = IB + IC = ",(IE),"A")##emitter current
VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*Re
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*Re = ",(VCE),"V")##collector-emitter voltage
print'%s %.2f %s %.4f %s '%("quiescent point is(",(VCE),"V " and "" ,(IC),"A)")

VCC =  12.00 V
RB =  300000.00 ohm
RC =  1500.00 ohm
Re =  2000.00 ohm
beta =  100.00 
IB = VCC/(RB + beta*Re) =  2.40e-05 A
IC = beta*IB =  2.40e-03 A
IE = IB + IC =  2.42e-03 A
VCE = VCC - IC*RC - IE*Re =  3.55 V
quiescent point is( 3.55  0.0024 A)

Ex8-pg236

In [9]:
##Ex7_8
import math
VCC = 9.
RC = 3.*10**3
RB = 500.*10**3
beta = 100.
VBE = 0.7
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VCC = ",(VCC),"V")##collector supply voltage
print'%s %.2f %s'%("RC = ",(RC),"ohm")##collector resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("RB = ",(RB),"ohm")##base resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("beta = ",(beta),"")##current gain
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VBE = ",(VBE),"V")##emitter-base voltage
##for a Fixed Bais Circuit;
IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB
print'%s %.2e %s'%("IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB  = ",(IB),"A")##base current
IC = beta*IB
print'%s %.2e %s'%("IC = beta*IB = ",(IC),"A")##collector current
VCE = VCC - IC*RC
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VCE = VCC - IC*RC = ",(VCE),"V")##collector-emitter voltage
print'%s %.2f %s %4f %s '%("operating point is(",(VCE),"V" and  " ",(IC),"A)")
S = 1+beta
print'%s %.2f %s'%("S = 1 + beta = ",(S),"")##stability factor


## NOTE : in the textbook author has taken beta = 100 for calculation 
##        but has mention beta = 50 in Question
##        I am working with beta = 100.

VCC =  9.00 V
RC =  3000.00 ohm
RB =  500000.00 ohm
beta =  100.00 
VBE =  0.70 V
IB = (VCC - VBE)/RB  =  1.66e-05 A
IC = beta*IB =  1.66e-03 A
VCE = VCC - IC*RC =  4.02 V
operating point is( 4.02   0.001660 A) 
S = 1 + beta =  101.00

Ex9-pg237

In [10]:
##Ex7_9
import math
R1 = 80.*10**3
R2 = 25.*10**3
Re = 2.*10**3
Rc = 2.*10**3
beta = 100.
VCC = 12.
VBE = 0.7
print'%s %.2f %s'%("R1 = ",(R1),"ohm")
print'%s %.2f %s'%("R2 = ",(R2),"ohm")
print'%s %.2f %s'%("Re = ",(Re),"ohm")##emitter resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("Rc = ",(Rc),"ohm")##collector resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("beta = ",(beta),"")##current gain
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VCC = ",(VCC),"V")##collector supply voltage
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VBE = ",(VBE),"V")##base-emitter voltage
Rb = R1*R2/(R1+R2)
print'%s %.2f %s'%("Rb = R1*R2/(R1+R2) = ",(Rb),"ohm")##base resistance
VB = VCC*(R2/(R1+R2))
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VB = VCC(R2/(R1+R2)) = ",(VB),"V")##base voltage
IB = (VB - VBE)/(Rb*(1+((1+beta)*(Re/Rb))))
print("IB = (VB - VBE)/(Rb*(1+((1+beta)*(Re/Rb))))")
print'%s %.2e %s'%("   = ",(IB),"A")##base current
IC = beta*IB
print'%s %.2e %s'%("IC = beta*IB = ",(IC),"A")##collector current
IE = IC
VCE = VCC - IC*Rc - IE*Re
print'%s %.2f %s'%("VCE = VCC - IC*Rc - IE*Re = ",(VCE),"V")##collector-emitter voltage
print'%s %.2f %s %.2e %s '%("operating point is(",(VCE),"V" and  " ",(IC),"A)")
S = (1.+beta)*((1.+Rb/Re)/(1.+beta+Rb/Re))
print'%s %.2f %s'%("S = (1+beta)*[(1+Rb/Re)*(1+beta+Rb/Re)] = ",(S),"")

R1 =  80000.00 ohm
R2 =  25000.00 ohm
Re =  2000.00 ohm
Rc =  2000.00 ohm
beta =  100.00 
VCC =  12.00 V
VBE =  0.70 V
Rb = R1*R2/(R1+R2) =  19047.62 ohm
VB = VCC(R2/(R1+R2)) =  2.86 V
IB = (VB - VBE)/(Rb*(1+((1+beta)*(Re/Rb))))
   =  9.76e-06 A
IC = beta*IB =  9.76e-04 A
VCE = VCC - IC*Rc - IE*Re =  8.10 V
operating point is( 8.10   9.76e-04 A) 
S = (1+beta)*[(1+Rb/Re)*(1+beta+Rb/Re)] =  9.62

Ex10-pg238

In [11]:
##Ex7_10
import math
delta_IC = 0.01*10**-3
delta_beta = 5.
print'%s %.2e %s'%("delta_IC = ",(delta_IC),"A")##change of collector current
print'%s %.2f %s'%("delta_beta = ",(delta_beta),"A")##change in current gain
print'%s %.2e %s'%("S'''' = delta_IC/delta_beta = ",(delta_IC/delta_beta),"")##stability

delta_IC =  1.00e-05 A
delta_beta =  5.00 A
S'''' = delta_IC/delta_beta =  2.00e-06

Ex11-pg239

In [12]:
##Ex7_11
import math
TA = 30.
TJ = 48.
PD = 4.
TR = (TJ - TA)/PD
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TA = ",(TA),"degreeC")##ambient temperature at which transistor is operated
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TJ = ",(TJ),"degreeC")##junction temperature
print'%s %.2f %s'%("PD = ",(PD),"W")##dissipated power
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TR = (TJ - TA)/PD = ",(TR),"degreeC/W")##termal resistance

TA =  30.00 degreeC
TJ =  48.00 degreeC
PD =  4.00 W
TR = (TJ - TA)/PD =  4.50 degreeC/W

Ex12-pg 239

In [13]:
##Ex7_12
import math
TA = 28.
TJ = 50.
TR = 10.
PD = (TJ - TA)/TR
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TA = ",(TA),"degreeC")##ambient temperature at which transistor is operated
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TJ = ",(TJ),"degreeC")##junction temperature
print'%s %.2f %s'%("TR = ",(TR),"degreeC/W")##termal resistance
print'%s %.2f %s'%("PD = (TJ - TA)/TR = ",(PD),"W")##dissipated power

TA =  28.00 degreeC
TJ =  50.00 degreeC
TR =  10.00 degreeC/W
PD = (TJ - TA)/TR =  2.20 W