print "To find the number of computers that support one or more of the three kinds of hardware considered, namely;Floating point arithmetic unit, magnetic disk storage and graphical display terminal."
A1=2#Set of computers with floating point arithmetic unit
A2=5#Set of computers with magetic disk storage
A3=3#Set of computers with graphical display terminal
A1_intersection_A2=2#Set of computers with floating point arithmetic unit and magentic disk storage
A1_intersection_A3=1#Set of computers with floating point arithmetic unit and graphical display terminal
A2_intersection_A3=3#Set of computers with magnetic disk storage and graphical display terminal
A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A3=1#Set of computers with floating point arithmetic, magnetic disk storage and graphical display terminal
#By the principle of inclusion and exclusion
A1_union_A2_union_A3=A1+A2+A3-A1_intersection_A2-A1_intersection_A3-A2_intersection_A3+A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A3
print A1_union_A2_union_A3,"of the six computers have one or more of the three kinds of hardware considered"
print "We consider 200 students of courses Discrete Mathematics and Economics. A party is being organized which can be attended only by students who are not in either of the courses as these two courses have exams scheduled the next day."
students=200# Total number of students
DM=50 # Number of students who have taken Discrete Mathematics
ECO=140 # Number of students who have taken Economics
DM_and_ECO=24 # Number of students who have taken both Discrete Mathematics and Economics
one_or_both=(DM+ECO-DM_and_ECO) # Number of students who have taken either one or both the courses
print "Number of students who take either one or both the courses is equal to",one_or_both
print "Consequently, the number of students who will be at the party is", (students-one_or_both)
print "Suppose that 60 of the 200 are underclass students "
UC_students=60 # Number of underclass students
dm=20 # Number of underclass students who have taken Discrete Mathematics
eco=45 # Number of underclass students who have taken Economics
dm_and_eco=16 # Number of underclass students who have taken both Discrete Mathematics and Economics
# A1 is the set of students in the course Discrete Mathematics
# A2 is the set of students in the course Economics
# A3 is the set of underclass students
A1_union_A2_union_A3=DM+ECO+UC_students-DM_and_ECO-dm-eco+dm_and_eco
print "Thus, the number of upperclass students who will go to the party is",(students-A1_union_A2_union_A3)
print "To find the number of cars which have neither a radio nor an air conditioner nor white-wall tires out of the thirty cars assembled in a factory"
cars=30 # Total number of cars assembled in a factory
A1=15 # Set of cars with radio
A2=8 # Set of cars with air-conditioner
A3=6 # Set of cars with white-wall tires
A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A3=3
A1_intersection_A2=3 # Since |A1_intersection_A2| >=|A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A3|
A1_intersection_A3=3 # Since |A1_intersection_A3| >=|A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A3|
A2_intersection_A3=3 # Since |A2_intersection_A3| >=|A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A3|
A1_union_A2_union_A3=A1+A2+A3-A1_intersection_A2-A1_intersection_A3-A2_intersection_A3+A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A3 # By the principle of inclusion and exclusion
print "There are at most",A1_union_A2_union_A3,"cars that have one or more options."
print "Consequently,there are at least",(cars-A1_union_A2_union_A3),"cars that do not have any options"
print "To determine the number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 2,3,5,7"
A1=250/2 # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 2
A2=250/3 # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 3
A3=250/5 # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 5
A4=250/7 # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 7
A1_intersection_A2=250/(2*3) # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 2 and 3
A1_intersection_A3=250/(2*5) # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 2 and 5
A1_intersection_A4=250/(2*7) # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 2 and 7
A2_intersection_A3=250/(3*5)# Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 3 and 5
A2_intersection_A4=250/(3*7)# Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 3 and 7
A3_intersection_A4=250/(5*7)# Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 5 and 7
A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A3=250/(2*3*5) # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 2,3 and 5
A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A4=250/(2*3*7) # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 2,3 and 7
A1_intersection_A3_intersection_A4=250/(2*5*7) # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 2,5 and 7
A2_intersection_A3_intersection_A4=250/(3*5*7) # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 3,5 and 7
A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A3_intersection_A4=250/(2*3*5*7) # Number of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 2,3,5 and 7
A1_union_A2_union_A3_union_A4=A1+A2+A3+A4-A1_intersection_A2-A1_intersection_A3-A1_intersection_A4-A2_intersection_A3-A2_intersection_A4-A3_intersection_A4+A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A3+A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A4+A1_intersection_A3_intersection_A4+A2_intersection_A3_intersection_A4-A1_intersection_A2_intersection_A3_intersection_A4
print "A1 is the set of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 2"
print "A2 is the set of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 3"
print "A3 is the set of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 5"
print "A4 is the set of integers between 1 and 250 that are divisible by 7"
print "|A1_union_A2_union_A3_union_A4|=",A1_union_A2_union_A3_union_A4
print "Truth table for (p and q)and (not p)"
def truth_table(p,q):
return (p and q) and (not p)#Logical representation of the given boolean exoression
print "p\tq\t(p and q)\t(not p)\t(p and q) and (not p)"
for a in (True,False):
for b in (True,False):#Loops that generate the possible input values
print a,"\t",b,"\t",a and b,"\t\t",not a,"\t",truth_table(a,b)
print "Consider the truth tables of (P and negation_P)"
print "Here all the entries in the last column are false"
def truth_table_and(p):
return p and (not p)#Representation of logical AND
print "p\tnegation_p\tp_and_negation_p"
print "---------------------------------------------"
for q in (True,False):#generates the combination of inputs
res=truth_table_and(q)
print q,"\t\t",not q,"\t\t",res
print "Consider the truth tables of (P or negation_P)"
print "Here all the entries in the last column are true "
def truth_table_or(p):
return p or (not p)#Representation of logical OR
print "p\tnegation_p\tp_or_negation_p"
print "----------------------------------------------"
for q in (True,False):#generates the combination of inputs
res=truth_table_or(q)
print q,"\t\t",not q,"\t\t",res
print "Restaurent 1 says 'Good food is not cheap'"
print "Restaurent 2 says 'Cheap food is not good'"
#Generating prepositions from the given sentences
g='Food is good'
c='Food is cheap'
print "g->negation c means 'Good food is not cheap'"
print "c->negation g means 'Cheap food is not good'"
def g_implies_negation_c(g,c):
if g==True and not(c)==False:# Implementation of logical implication
return 'False'
else:
return 'True'
def c_implies_negation_g(g,c):
if c==True and not g==False:# Implementation of logical implication
return 'False'
else:
return 'True'
print "g\t\tc\t|\t\tnegation_g\t\t\tnegation_c\t\t\tg_implies_negation_c\t\t\tc_implies_negation_g"
print "---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
for a in (False,True):#Generate the possible inputs
for b in (False,True):
print ("%5s%10s\t\t|%20s%30s%35s%40s"%(a,b,not a,not b,g_implies_negation_c(a,b),c_implies_negation_g(a,b)))
print "Since both g_implies_negation_c and c_implies_negation_g values in the truth table are similar, it is proved that 'Good food is not cheap' and 'Cheap food is not good are the same'"
def implication(p,q,r,s):#Implementation of logical implicaion
part1=((p and q) or (p and r) )
if part1==True and s==False:
return 'False'
else:
return 'True'
def equivalent(p,q,r,s):#Implementation of logical expression
return (((not p) or((not q) and (not r)))or s)
print "\tp\tq\tr\t\ts\t\t|((p and q)or(p and q))->s\t((negation_p or(negation_q and negation_r))or s)"
print "--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
for a in (False,True):
for b in (False,True):
for c in (False,True):
for d in (False,True):#Genetates all possible combinations of inputs
print ("%8s%8s%10s%15s|%35s%35s" %(a,b,c,d,implication(a,b,c,d),equivalent(a,b,c,d)))
print "Therefore, they are proved to be equivalent"
print "EUCLIDEAN ALGORITHM"
def GCD(n,m):#Euclidean algorithm to compute GCD
if n>=m and (n%m==0):
return m
else:
return GCD(m,n%m)
print "GCD(25,6) by Euclidean algorithm =",GCD(25,6),
print "EUCLIDEAN ALGORITHM"
def GCD(n,m):#Euclidean algorithm to compute GCD
if n>=m and (n%m==0):
return m
else:
return GCD(m,n%m)
print "GCD(18,4) by Euclidean algorithm =",GCD(18,4),#Final comma in all print statements is to eliminate new line character in the end of it
print "\nGCD(26,2) by Euclidean algorithm =",GCD(26,2),
print "\nGCD(28,8) by Euclidean algorithm =",GCD(28,8),