Chapter 14: Introduction to Heat Exchangers

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.1, Page number: 259

In [2]:
#Variable declaration:
scfm = 20000.0                  #Volumetric flow rate of air at standard conditions (scfm)
H1 = 1170.0                     #Enthalpy at 200°F (Btu/lbmol)
H2 = 14970.0                    #Enthalpy at 2000°F (Btu/lbmol)
Cp = 7.53                       #Average heat capacity (Btu/lbmol.°F)
T1 = 200.0                      #Initial temperature (°F)
T2 = 2000.0                     #Final temperature (°F)

#Calculation:
n = scfm/359.0                  #Flow rate of air in a molar flow rate (lbmol/min)
DH = H2 - H1                    #Change in enthalpy (Btu/lbmol)
DT = T2 - T1                    #Change in temperature (°F)
Q1 = n*DH                       #Heat transfer rate using enthalpy data (Btu/min)
Q2 = n*Cp*DT                    #Heat transfer rate using the average heat capacity data (Btu/min)

#Result:
print "The heat transfer rate using enthalpy data is :",round(Q1/10**5,2)," x 10^5 Btu/min."
print "The heat transfer rate using the average heat capacity data is :",round(Q2/10**5,2)," x 10^5 Btu/min."
The heat transfer rate using enthalpy data is : 7.69  x 10^5 Btu/min.
The heat transfer rate using the average heat capacity data is : 7.55  x 10^5 Btu/min.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.2, Page number: 259

In [3]:
#Variable declaration:
n = 1200.0                  #Flow rate of air in a molar flow rate (lbmol/min)
Cp = 0.26                   #Average heat capacity (Btu/lbmol.°F)
T1 = 200.0                  #Initial temperature (°F)
T2 = 1200.0                 #Final temperature (°F)

#Calculation:
DT = T2 - T1                #Change in temperature (°F)
Q = n*Cp*DT                 #Required heat rate (Btu/min)

#Result:
print "The required heat rate is :",round(Q/10**5,2)," x 10^5 Btu/min ."
The required heat rate is : 3.12  x 10^5 Btu/min .

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.3, Page number: 260

In [4]:
#Variable declaration:
Tc1 = 25.0                  #Initial temperature of cold fluid (°C)
Th1 = 72.0                  #Initial temperature of hot fluid (°C)
Th2 = 84.0                  #Final temperature of hot fluid (°C)

#Calculation:
#From equation 14.2:
Tc2 = (Th2-Th1)+Tc1         #Final temperature of cold fluid (°C)

#Result:
print "The final temperature of the cold liquid is :",Tc2," °C ."
print "There is a printing mistake in unit of final temperature in book."
The final temperature of the cold liquid is : 37.0  °C .
There is a printing mistake in unit of final temperature in book.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.4, Page number: 265

In [5]:
#Variable declaration:
Ts = 100.0                  #Steam temperature at 1 atm (°C)
Tl = 25.0                   #Fluid temperature (°C)

#Calculation:
DTlm = Ts - Tl              #Log mean temperature difference (°C)

#Result:
print "The LMTD is :",DTlm," °C ."
The LMTD is : 75.0  °C .

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.5, Page number: 265

In [6]:
from math import log

#Variable declaration:
Ts = 100.0                      #Steam temperature at 1 atm (°C)
T1 = 25.0                       #Initial fluid temperature (°C)
T2 = 80.0                       #Final fluid temperature (°C)

#Calculation:
DT1 = Ts - T1                   #Temperature difference driving force at the fluid entrance (°C)
DT2 = Ts - T2                   #Temperature driving force at the fluid exit (°C)
DTlm = (DT1 - DT2)/log(DT1/DT2) #Log mean temperature difference (°C)

#Result:
print "The LMTD is :",round(DTlm,1)," °C ."
print "There is a calculation mistake regarding final result in book."
The LMTD is : 41.6  °C .
There is a calculation mistake regarding final result in book.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.6, Page number: 266

In [7]:
from math import log

#Variable declaration:
T1 = 500.0                      #Temperature of hot fluid entering the heat exchanger (°F)
T2 = 400.0                      #Temperature of hot fluid exiting the heat exchanger (°F)
t1 = 120.0                      #Temperature of cold fluid entering the heat exchanger (°F)
t2 = 310.0                      #Temperature of cold fluid exiting the heat exchanger (°F)

#Calculation:
DT1 = T1 - t2                   #Temperature difference driving force at the heat exchanger entrance (°F)
DT2 = T2 - t1                   #Temperature difference driving force at the heat exchanger exit (°F)
DTlm = (DT1 - DT2)/(log(DT1/DT2))   #LMTD (driving force) for the heat exchanger (°F)

#Result:
print "The LMTD (driving force) for the heat exchanger is :",round(DTlm)," °F ."
The LMTD (driving force) for the heat exchanger is : 232.0  °F .

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.7, Page number: 267

In [8]:
from math import log

#Variable declaration:
m = 8000.0                  #Rate of oil flow inside the tube (lb/h)
Cp = 0.55                   #Heat capacity of oil (Btu/lb.°F)
T1 = 210.0                  #Initial temperature of oil (°F)
T2 = 170.0                  #Final temperature of oil (°F)
t = 60.0                    #Tube surface temperature (°F)

#Calculation:
DT = T2 - T1                #Change in temperature (°F)
Q = m*Cp*DT                 #Heat transferred from the heavy oil (Btu/h)
DT1 = T1 - t                #Temperature difference driving force at the pipe entrance (°F)
DT2 = T2 - t                #Temperature difference driving force at the pipe exit (°F)
DTlm = (DT1 - DT2)/(log(DT1/DT2))   #LMTD (driving force) for the heat exchanger (°F)

#Result:
print "The heat transfer rate is :",round(Q)," Btu/h ."
print "The LMTD for the heat exchanger is :",round(DTlm)," °F ."
The heat transfer rate is : -176000.0  Btu/h .
The LMTD for the heat exchanger is : 129.0  °F .

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.8, Page number: 267

In [9]:
from math import log

#Variable declaration:
T1 = 138.0                  #Temperature of oil entering the cooler (°F)
T2 = 103.0                  #Temperature of oil leaving the cooler (°F)
t1 = 88.0                   #Temperature of coolant entering the cooler (°F)
t2 = 98.0                   #Temperature of coolant leaving the cooler (°F)

#Calculation:
#For counter flow unit:
DT1 = T1 - t2               #Temperature difference driving force at the cooler entrance (°F)
DT2 = T2 - t1               #Temperature difference driving force at the cooler exit (°F)
DTlm1 = (DT1 - DT2)/(log(DT1/DT2))   #LMTD (driving force) for the heat exchanger (°F)
#For parallel flow unit:
DT3 = T1 - t1               #Temperature difference driving force at the cooler entrance (°F)
DT4 = T2 - t2               #Temperature difference driving force at the cooler exit (°F)
DTlm2 = (DT3 - DT4)/(log(DT3/DT4))   #LMTD (driving force) for the heat exchanger (°F)

#Result:
print "The LMTD for counter-current flow unit is :",round(DTlm1,1)," °F ."
print "The LMTD for parallel flow unit is :",round(DTlm2,1)," °F ."
The LMTD for counter-current flow unit is : 25.5  °F .
The LMTD for parallel flow unit is : 19.5  °F .

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.10, Page number: 272

In [11]:
#Variable declaration:
A = 1.0                         #Surface area of glass (m^2)
h1 = 11.0                       #Heat transfer coefficient inside room (W/m^2.K)
L2 = 0.125*0.0254               #Thickness of glass (m)
k2 = 1.4                        #Thermal conductivity of glass (W/m.K)
h3 = 9.0                        #Heat transfer coefficient from window to surrounding cold air (W/m^2.K)

#Calculation:
R1 = 1.0/(h1*A)                 #Internal convection resistance (K/W)
R2 = L2/(k2*A)                  #Conduction resistance through glass panel (K/W)
R3 = 1.0/(h3*A)                 #Outside convection resistance (K/W)
Rt = R1+R2+R3                   #Total thermal resistance (K/W)
U = 1.0/(A*Rt)                  #Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m^2.K)

#Result:
print "The overall heat transfer coefficient is :",round(U,1)," W/m^2.K ."
The overall heat transfer coefficient is : 4.9  W/m^2.K .

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.11, Page number: 273

In [12]:
#Variable declaration:
Dx = 0.049/12.0                     #Thickness of copper plate (ft)
h1 = 208.0                          #Film coefficient of surface one (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)
h2 = 10.8                           #Film coefficient of surface two (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)
k = 220.0                           #Thermal conductivity for copper (W/m.K)

#Calculation:
U = 1.0/(1.0/h1+Dx/k+1.0/h2)        #Overall heat transfer coefficient (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)

#Result:
print "The overall heat transfer coefficient is :",round(U,2)," Btu/h.ft^2.°F ."
The overall heat transfer coefficient is : 10.26  Btu/h.ft^2.°F .

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.12, Page number: 274

In [13]:
#Variable declaration:
Do = 0.06                        #Outside diameter of pipe (m)
Di = 0.05                        #Inside diameter of pipe (m)
ho = 8.25                        #Outside coefficient (W/m^2.K)
hi = 2000.0                      #Inside coefficient (W/m^2.K)
R = 1.33*10**-4                  #Resistance for steel (m^2.K/W)

#Calculation:
U = 1.0/(Do/(hi*Di)+R+1.0/ho)    #Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m^2.°K)

#Result:
print "The overall heat transfer coefficient is :",round(U,2)," W/m^2.°K ."
The overall heat transfer coefficient is : 8.2  W/m^2.°K .

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.14, Page number: 274

In [15]:
from math import pi,log

#Variable declaration:
Di = 0.825/12.0                         #Pipe inside diameter (ft)
Do = 1.05/12.0                          #Pipe outside diameter (ft)
Dl = 4.05/12.0                           #Insulation thickness (ft)
l = 1.0                                 #Pipe length (ft)
kp = 26.0                               #Thermal conductivity of pipe (Btu/h.ft.°F)
kl = 0.037                              #Thermal conductivity of insulation (Btu/h.ft.°F)
hi = 800.0                              #Steam film coefficient (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)
ho = 2.5                                #Air film coefficient (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)

#Calculation:
ri = Di/2.0                             #Pipe inside radius (ft)
ro = Do/2.0                             #Pipe outside radius (ft)
rl = Dl/2.0                             #Insulation radius (ft)
Ai = pi*Di*l                            #Inside area of pipe (ft^2)
Ao = pi*Do*l                            #Outside area of pipe (ft^2)
Al = pi*Dl*l                            #Insulation area of pipe (ft^2)
A_Plm = (Ao-Ai)/log(Ao/Ai)              #Log mean area for steel pipe (ft^2)
A_Ilm = (Al-Ao)/log(Al/Ao)              #Log mean area for insulation (ft^2)
Ri = 1.0/(hi*Ai)                        #Air resistance (m^2.K/W)
Ro = 1.0/(ho*Al)                        #Steam resistance (m^2.K/W)
Rp = (ro-ri)/(kp*A_Plm)                 #Pipe resistance (m^2.K/W)
Rl = (rl-ro)/(kl*A_Ilm)                 #Insulation resistance (m^2.K/W)
U = 1.0/(Ai*(Ri+Rp+Ro+Rl))              #Overall heat coefficient based on the inside area (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)

#Result:
print "The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside area of the pipe is :",round(U,3)," Btu/h.ft^2.°F ."
The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside area of the pipe is : 0.748  Btu/h.ft^2.°F .

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.15, Page number: 275

In [16]:
from math import pi

#Variable declaration:
#From example 14.14:
Di = 0.825/12.0                         #Pipe inside diameter (ft)
L = 1.0                                 #Pipe length (ft)
Ui = 0.7492                             #Overall heat coefficient (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)
Ts = 247.0                              #Steam temperature (°F)
ta = 60.0                               #Air temperature (°F)

#Calculation:
Ai = pi*Di*L                            #Inside area of pipe (ft^2)
Q = Ui*Ai*(Ts-ta)                       #Heat transfer rate (Btu/h)

#Result:
print "The heat transfer rate is :",round(Q,1)," Btu/h ."
The heat transfer rate is : 30.3  Btu/h .

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.16, Page number: 276

In [17]:
#Variable declaration:
hw = 200.0                      #Water heat coefficient (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)
ho = 50.0                       #Oil heat coefficient (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)
hf = 1000.0                     #Fouling heat coefficient (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)
DTlm = 90.0                     #Log mean temperature difference (°F)
A = 15.0                        #Area of wall (ft^2)

#Calculation:
X = 1.0/hw+1.0/ho+1.0/hf        #Equation 14.34 for constant A
U = 1.0/X                       #Overall heat coeffocient (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)
Q = U*A*DTlm                    #Heat transfer rate (Btu/h)

#Result:
print "The heat transfer rate is :",round(Q,-1)," Btu/h ."
The heat transfer rate is : 51920.0  Btu/h .

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 14.17, Page number: 277

In [18]:
from __future__ import division
from sympy import symbols,log,nsolve


#Variable declaration:
T = 80.0                        #Pipe surface temperature (°F)
t1 = 10.0                       #Brine inlet temperature (°F)
DT2 = symbols('DT2')            #Discharge temperature of the brine solution (°F)
m = 20*60                       #Flowrate of brine solution (lb/h)
Cp = 0.99                       #Heat capacity of brine solution (Btu/lb.°F)
U1 = 150                        #Overall heat transfer coefficient at brine solution entrance (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)
U2 = 140                        #Overall heat transfer coefficientat at brine solution exit (Btu/h.ft^2.°F)
A = 2.5                         #Pipe surface area for heat transfer (ft^2)

#Calculation:
DT1 = T-t1                      #Temperature approach at the pipe entrance (°F)
Q = m*Cp*(DT1-DT2)              #Energy balance to the brine solution across the full length of the pipe (Btu/h)
DT1m = (DT1-DT2)/log(DT1/DT2)   #Equation for the LMTD
QQ = A*(U2*DT1-U1*DT2)/log(U2*DT1/U1/DT2)   #Equation for the heat transfer rate (Btu/h)
E = QQ-Q                        #Energy balance equation
R = nsolve([E],[DT2],[1.2])     #
DT = R[0]                       #Log mean temperature difference
t2 = T-DT                       #In discharge temperature of the brine solution (°F)
t2c = 5/9*(t2-32)               #In discharge temperature of the brine solution in °C (c/5 = (F-32)/9)
_Q_ = Q.subs(DT2,DT)            #Heat transfer rate (Btu/h)

#Result:
print "The temperature approach at the brine inlet side is :",round(DT1,1)," °F."
print "Or, the temperature approach at the brine inlet side is :",round(DT1/1.8,1)," °C."
print "The exit temperature of the brine solution is :",round(t2,1)," °F."
print "Or, the exit temperature of the brine solution is :",round((t2-32)/1.8,1)," °C."
print "The rate of heat transfer is :",round(_Q_,-1)," Btu/h."
print "Or, the rate of heat transfer is :",round(_Q_/3.412,-2)," W."
The temperature approach at the brine inlet side is : 70.0  °F.
Or, the temperature approach at the brine inlet side is : 38.9  °C.
The exit temperature of the brine solution is : 28.4  °F.
Or, the exit temperature of the brine solution is : -2.0  °C.
The rate of heat transfer is : 21830.0  Btu/h.
Or, the rate of heat transfer is : 6400.0  W.