Ch-8, Phase & Phase diagrams

example-8.1 page no-227

In [8]:
from __future__ import division
#given
#according to reduced phase rule, we have
#D=C-P+2
C=2  # for two component system
P=1
for P in range (1,6):
    print "P =",P,' ',
     #no of variables
    V=P*(C-1)+2
    #degrees of freedom
    D=C-P+2
    print "D =",D

print "we can see that for P=5 we have D=-1 i.e non existent so,two components cannot have more than 4 phases in equilibrium"
P = 1   D = 3
P = 2   D = 2
P = 3   D = 1
P = 4   D = 0
P = 5   D = -1
we can see that for P=5 we have D=-1 i.e non existent so,two components cannot have more than 4 phases in equilibrium

example-8.2 page no-235

In [14]:
from __future__ import division
#given
#density of alpha and beta phases
rhoalpha=10300  #kg/m**3
rhobeta=7300  #kg/m**3
#refer to fig-8.5 in book
#at point B, the composition of lead in alpha-phase is 82% and that of tin in alpha-phase is 18%
leadalpha=82
tinalpha=18
#so we get
#82/rholead+18/rhotin=100/rhoalpha   -----------(1)
#similarly at point E
#the composition of tin and lead resp are 97% and 3%
leadbeta=3
tinbeta=97
#so we get
#3/rholead+97/rhotin=100/rhobeta  ------(2)
#solving 1 and 2
#we get
rholead=11364.1  #kg/m**3
rhotin=7220.14  #kg/m**3
#let density of eutectic composition is rhoe. knowing the compositions at point D, we can write
#38/rholead+62/rhotin=100/rhoe
#so 
rhoe=100/(38/rholead+62/rhotin)   #kg/m**3
#it is given that there is 88% eutectic composition by volume. its conversion in weight proportions yeild
W=88/100*rhoe  #kgf
Wlead=38/100*W  #Kgf
Wtin=62/100*W   #kgf
#there is 12% beta phase by volume which on converion to weight proportion gives
Wdash=12/100*rhobeta  #Kgf
Wdashlead=3/100*Wdash  #kgf
Wdashtin=97/100*Wdash  #kgf
#total weight of lead and tin can be estimated now as
Wddashlead=Wlead+Wdashlead  #kgf
Wddashtin=Wtin+Wdashtin  #kgf
#percentafe of tin
percenttin=Wddashtin/(Wddashtin+Wddashlead)*100 
print "percentace of tin is %0.2f"%(percenttin)
percentace of tin is 65.72

example-8.4 page no-242

In [17]:
#given
#melting point of A and B
MptA=1250   #degrees celcius
MptB=1900   #degrees celcius
#part(a)
#according to the conditions given in question phase diagram can be drawn as shown in fig 8.10 given in book
#part(b)
#at 1250 degrees celcius , it is a peritectic solution
#equation representing the equilibrium is given in the book which denotes forward reaction as cooling and backward as heating
#part (c)
#we are just considering a tie line just above the peritectic line at temp 1251 degrees celcius
#at this point
Cs1=80
Cl1=30 
C01=75
#point below peritectic line has temp as 1249 degrees celcius
Cs2=80
Cl2=50 
C02=75
#weight fraction of the phase present in the material of overall composition 75% B at 1251 degrees celcius and 75%  B at 1249 degrees 
f_alpha1=(Cs1-C01)/(Cs1-Cl1)*100   #%
f_beta1=(C01-Cl1)/(Cs1-Cl1)*100   #%
f_alpha2=(Cs2-C02)/(Cs2-Cl2)*100   #%
f_beta2=(C02-Cl2)/(Cs2-Cl2)*100  #%
#part (d)
# 75% B at room temp
Cs3=90
Cl3=30 
C03=75
f_alpha3=(Cs3-C03)/(Cs3-Cl3)*100   #%
f_beta3=(C03-Cl3)/(Cs3-Cl3)*100   #%
#the microstructure is also shown in book at page no 243
print "weight fraction of the phase present in the material of overall composition 75 percent B at 1251 degrees celcius and 75percent  B at 1249 degrees are %d, %d, %0.2f, %0.2f  and at 75 percent concentration of B at room temp is %d, %d"%(f_alpha1,f_beta1,f_alpha2,f_beta2,f_alpha3,f_beta3)
weight fraction of the phase present in the material of overall composition 75 percent B at 1251 degrees celcius and 75percent  B at 1249 degrees are 10, 90, 16.67, 83.33  and at 75 percent concentration of B at room temp is 25, 75

example-8.5 page no-246

In [18]:
#given
#according to the given conditions in the ques the graph can be drawn as shown in fig 8.12
#the given temp 576.9 degees celcius is just below the eutectic temp 577 degres celcius
#from the graph, we can have the following values
C_beta_e=100
C_e=1.65
C_0=10
#hence weight fraction is given by
W_alpha=(C_beta_e-C_0)/(C_beta_e-C_e)
print "the weight fraction of alpha in an alloy containing 10percent Si at 576.9 degrees celcius is %0.3f "%(W_alpha)
the weight fraction of alpha in an alloy containing 10percent Si at 576.9 degrees celcius is 0.915 

example-8.6 page no-247

In [19]:
#given
#weight percent of tin and lead are
W1=90
W2=10
#let the amount of tin that can be added to the crucible without  changing the system's solidificarion is "m" 
#eutectic arm extends to 97% tin
#therefore, with the addition of "m" gram of tin, the composition of alloy should not exceed 97% tin
#therefore
#(900+m)/(1000+m)=97/100
#so
m=(97/100*1000-900)/(1-97/100)/1000  #kg because 1kg=1000g
print "maximum %0.2f kg of tin can be added without changing the systems temperature"%(m)
maximum 2.33 kg of tin can be added without changing the systems temperature

example-8.7 page no-250

In [20]:
#given
#the eutectoidal mixture of pearlite consists of two phases viz. alpha (ferrite) and Fe3C (cementite). the eutectoid composition contains 0.83% carbon. the lever rule is applied in which the lever arm has ferrite (=0% carbon) at one end and cementite  (6.67% carbon) at the other end. the fulcrum is taken at 0.83% carbon. hence by applying lever rule, we get
Walpha=(6.67-0.83)/(6.67-0.00)
WFe3C=(0.83-0.0)/(6.67-0.0)
print "the weight fractions of ferrite and cementite are %0.3f and %0.3f resp"%(Walpha,WFe3C)
the weight fractions of ferrite and cementite are 0.876 and 0.124 resp