Chapter14:Output Stages and Power Amplifiers

Ex14.1:pg-1239

In [4]:
P_L=20; # Average power (W) 
R_L=8; # Load resistance (ohm)
V_o=math.sqrt(2*P_L*R_L); 
print round(V_o,1),"= Supply voltage required (V)"
V_CC=23; # We select this voltage (V)
I_o=V_o/R_L;
print round(I_o,2),"= Peak current drawn from each supply (A)"
P_Sav=V_CC*I_o/math.pi; # P_S+ = P_S- = P_Sav
P_S=P_Sav+P_Sav; # Total supply power
print round(P_S,1),"= The total power supply (W)"
n=P_L/P_S; # n is power conversion efficiency
print round(n*100)," = Power conversion efficiency %"
P_DPmax=V_CC**2/(math.pi**2*R_L);
P_DNmax=P_DPmax;
print round(P_DPmax,1),"= Maximun power dissipated in each transistor (W)"
17.9 = Supply voltage required (V)
2.24 = Peak current drawn from each supply (A)
32.7 = The total power supply (W)
61.0  = Power conversion efficiency %
6.7 = Maximun power dissipated in each transistor (W)

Ex14.2:pg-1245

In [7]:
# Consider Class AB Amplifier
V_CC=15; # (V)
R_L=100; # (ohm)
v_O=-10; # Amplitude of sinusoidal output voltage (V)
I_S=10**-13; # (A)
V_T=25*10**-3; # (V)
B=50; # Beta value
i_Lmax=10/(0.1*10**3); # Maximum current through Q_N (A)
# Implies max base curent  in Q_N is approximately 2mA
I_BIAS=3*10**-3; # We select I_BIAS=3mA in order to maintain a minimum of 1mA through the diodes
I_Q=9*10**-3; # The area ratio of 3 yeilds quiescent current of 9mA
P_DQ=2*V_CC*I_Q;
print round(P_DQ*1000),"= Quiescent power dissipation (mW)"
#For v_O=0V base current of Q_N is 9/51=0.18 mA
# Leaves a current of 3-0.18=2.83mA to flow through the diodes
I_S= (10**-13)/3; # Diodes have I_S = (1*10**-13)/3 
V_BB=2*V_T*math.log((2.83*10**-3)/I_S);
print round(V_BB,2),"= V_BB (V) for v_O = 0V"
# For v_O=+10V, current through the diodes will decrease to 1mA
V_BB=2*V_T*math.log((1*10**-3)/I_S);
print round(V_BB,2),"= V_BB (V) for v_O = +10V"
# For v_O=-10V , Q_N will conduct very small current thus base current is negligible
# All of the I_BIAS(3mA) flows through the diodes
V_BB=2*V_T*math.log((3*10**-3)/I_S);
print round(V_BB,2),"= V_BB (V) for v_O = -10V"
270.0 = Quiescent power dissipation (mW)
1.26 = V_BB (V) for v_O = 0V
1.21 = V_BB (V) for v_O = +10V
1.26 = V_BB (V) for v_O = -10V

Ex14.3:pg-1248

In [10]:
V_T=25*10**-3; # (V)
I_S=10**-14; # (A)
I_Q=2*10**-3; # Required quiescent current (A)
# We select I_BIAS=3mA which is divided between I_R and I_C1
# Thus we select I_R=0.5mA and I_C1=2.5mA
V_BB=2*V_T*math.log(I_Q/10**-13);
print round(V_BB,2),"=V_BB (V)"
I_R=0.5*10**-3;
R1plusR2=V_BB/I_R; # R1plusR2 = R_1+R_2
I_C1=2.5*10**-3;
V_BE1=V_T*math.log(I_C1/I_S);
print round(V_BE1,2),"= V_BE1 (V)"
R_1=V_BE1/I_R;
print round(R_1/1000,2),"R_1 (Kohm)"
R_2=R1plusR2-R_1;
print round(R_2/1000,2),"R_2 (Kohm)"
1.19 =V_BB (V)
0.66 = V_BE1 (V)
1.31 R_1 (Kohm)
1.06 R_2 (Kohm)

Ex14.4:pg-1251

In [11]:
# Consider BJT with following  specifications
P_D0=2; # Maximum power dissipation (W)
T_A0=25.0; # Ambient temperature (degree celcius)
T_Jmax=150.0; # maximum junction temperature (degree celcius) 

# 14.4a 
theta_JA=(T_Jmax-T_A0)/P_D0; # Thermal resistance
print theta_JA,"is The thermal resistance (degree celsius/W)"

# 14.4b
T_A=50.0; # (degree celcius)
P_Dmax=(T_Jmax-T_A)/theta_JA; 
print P_Dmax,"is Maximum power that can be dissipated at an ambient temperature of 50 degree celsius (W)"

# 14.4c
T_A=25.0; # (degree celcius) 
P_D=1; # (W)
T_J=T_A+theta_JA*P_D;
print T_J,"is Junction temperature (degree celcius) if the device is operating at T_A=25 degree celsius and is dissipating 1W"
62.5 is The thermal resistance (degree celsius/W)
1.6 is Maximum power that can be dissipated at an ambient temperature of 50 degree celsius (W)
87.5 is Junction temperature (degree celcius) if the device is operating at T_A=25 degree celsius and is dissipating 1W

Ex14.5:pg-1253

In [16]:
# Consider a BJT with following specifications
T_Jmax=150; # (degree celcius)
T_A=50; # (degree celcius)

# 14.5a
theta_JA=62.5; # (degree celcius/W)
P_Dmax=(T_Jmax-T_A)/theta_JA;
print round(P_Dmax,2),"is The maximum power (W) that can be dissipated safely by the transistor when operated in free air"

#14.5b
theta_CS=0.5; # (degree celcius/W)
theta_SA=4; # (degree celcius/W)
theta_JC=3.12; # (degree celcius/W)
theta_JA=theta_JC+theta_CS+theta_SA;
P_Dmax=(T_Jmax-T_A)/theta_JA
print round(P_Dmax,1),"is The maximum power (W) that can be dissipated safely by the transistor when operated at an ambient temperature of 50 degree celcius but with a heat sink for which theta_CS= 0.5 (degree celcius/W) and theta_SA = 4 (degree celcius/W) (W)"

# 14.5c
theta_CA=0 # since infinite heat sink
P_Dmax=(T_Jmax-T_A)/theta_JC;
print round(P_Dmax),"is The maximum power (W) that can be dissipated safely if an infinite heat sink is used and T_A=50 (degree celcius)"
1.6 is The maximum power (W) that can be dissipated safely by the transistor when operated in free air
13.1 is The maximum power (W) that can be dissipated safely by the transistor when operated at an ambient temperature of 50 degree celcius but with a heat sink for which theta_CS= 0.5 (degree celcius/W) and theta_SA = 4 (degree celcius/W) (W)
32.0 is The maximum power (W) that can be dissipated safely if an infinite heat sink is used and T_A=50 (degree celcius)