Chapter 5: Optical Sources:Light emitting diode and Lasers

Example 5.1, Page number 153

In [1]:
'''Find-
a)bulk recombination life time
b)internal quantum efficiency
c)internal power level'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 1310*10**-9  #operating wavelength(m)
Tr = 30.             #radiative recombination times(ns)
Tnr = 100.           #non-radiative recombination times(ns)
i = 40*10**-3        #injected current(A)
h = 6.62*10**-34     #Planck's constant
c = 3*10**8          #speed of light(m/s)
e = 1.6*10**-19      #charge of an electron(C)

#Calculations
#Part a
T = 1/(1/Tr+1/Tnr)

#Part b
Nint = T/Tr

#Part c
Pint = (Nint*h*c*i)/(e*lamda)

#Results
print "a)Bulk recombination life time =",round(T,2),"ns"
print "b)Internal quantum efficiency =",round(Nint,3)
print "c)Internal power level =",round((Pint/1E-3),2),"mW(Calculation mistake in textbook)"

a)Bulk recombination life time = 23.08 ns
b)Internal quantum efficiency = 0.769
c)Internal power level = 29.15 mW(Calculation mistake in textbook)

Example 5.2, Page number 154

In [2]:
'''Find the power radiated by an LED'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 670*10**-9   #operating wavelength(m)
h = 6.62*10**-34     #Planck's constant
c = 3*10**8          #speed of light(m/s)
i = 50*10**-3        #injected current(mA)
Nint = 3./100        #quantum efficiency
e = 1.6*10**-19      #charge of an electron(C)

#Calculations
P = (Nint*h*c*i)/(lamda*e)

#Result
print "Power radiated =",round((P/1E-3),4),"mW(Calculation mistake in textbook)"

Power radiated = 2.7789 mW(Calculation mistake in textbook)

Example 5.3, Page number 154

In [5]:
'''Find the non-radiative recombination time'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 890.*10**-9   #operating wavelength(m)
Tr = 100.             #radiative recombination times(ns)
T   = 130.            #bulk-radiative recombination times(ns)
i = 14.*10**-3        #injected current(mA)

#Calculation
Tnr = 1/(1/Tr-1/T)

#Result
print "The non-radiative recombination time is",round(Tnr,1),"ns"

The non-radiative recombination time is 433.3 ns

Example 5.4, Page number 154

In [6]:
'''Calculate the power internally generated within the device'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 0.87*10**-6  #operating wavelength(m)
h = 6.62*10**-34     #Planck's constant
c = 3*10**8          #speed of light(m/s)
i = 40*10**-3        #injected current(mA)
Nint = 0.625         #quantum efficiency
e = 1.6*10**-19      #charge of an electron(C)

#Calculations
P = (Nint*h*c*i)/(lamda*e)

#Result
print "Power radiated =",round((P/1E-3),2),"mW"

Power radiated = 35.67 mW

Example 5.5, Page number 155

In [7]:
'''Estimate the optical power emitted into air'''

from sympy import *

#Variable declaration
F = 0.68   #transmission factor
nx = 3.6   #refractive index of GaAs
n = 1      #refractive index of air

#Calculations
Pint = Symbol('Pint')
Pe = round(((F*n**2)/(4*F*nx**2)),4)*Pint

#Result
print "Optical power emitted =",Pe

Optical power emitted = 0.0193*Pint

Example 5.6, Page number 155

In [9]:
'''Find -
a)coupling efficiency
b)optical loss relative to power emitted from LED'''

import math 

#Variable declaration
NA = 0.2   #numerical paerture
n = 1.4    #refractive index of core

#Calculations
#Part a
Nc = NA**2

#Part b
Loss = -math.log10(Nc)

#Results
print "a)Coupling efficiency =",Nc
print "b)Optical loss =",round(Loss,2),"dB(Calculation mistake in textbook)"

a)Coupling efficiency = 0.04
b)Optical loss = 1.4 dB(Calculation mistake in textbook)

Example 5.7, Page number 155

In [10]:
'''Calculate the optical power coupled into the fiber'''

import math 

#Variable declaration
r = 0.01          #Fresnel reflection coefficient
NA = 0.15         #numerical aperture
Rd = 30           #radiance(s/r-cm^2)
i = 40            #drive current(mA)
R = 50./2*10**-4  #radius(cm)

#Calculations
A = math.pi*R**2                #area
Pc = math.pi*(1-r)*A*Rd*NA**2

#Result
print "Optical power coupled into the fiber =",round((Pc/1E-6),1),"uW"

Optical power coupled into the fiber = 41.2 uW

Example 5.8, Page number 156

In [11]:
'''Find the overall power conversion efficiency'''

#Variable declaration
Pc = 150*10**-6    #optical power(W)
If = 25*10**-3     #forward current(A)
Vf = 2.5           #forward voltage(V)

#Calculation
P = If*Vf
Npc = (Pc/P)*100

#Result
print "The overall power conversion efficiency is",round(Npc,2),"%"

The overall power conversion efficiency is 0.24 %

Example 5.9, Page number 156

In [12]:
'''Find the output power when device is modulated'''

import math

#Variable declaration
Pdc = 300*10**-6  #optical o/p power(W)
f = 20*10**6      #frequency(Hz)
Ti = 5*10**-9     #recombination life time(sec)

#Calculation
w = 2*math.pi*f
Pe = Pdc*(1+((w*Ti)**2))**-0.5

#Result
print "Output power of the device =",round((Pe/1E-6),2),"uW"

Output power of the device = 254.02 uW

Example 5.10, Page number 157

In [58]:
'''Find-
a)internal quantum efficiency and internal power level
b)power emiited from device'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 1310*10**-9  #operating wavelength(m)
Tr = 25.             #radiative recombination times(ns)
Tnr = 90.            #non-radiative recombination times(ns)
i = 35*10**-3        #injected current(A)
n = 3.5              #refractive index
h = 6.625*10**-34    #Planck's constant
c = 3*10**8          #speed of light(m/s)
q = 1.6*10**-19      #charge of an electron(C)

#Calculations
#Part a
T = 1/(1/Tr+1/Tnr)
Nint = T/Tr
Pint = (Nint*h*c*i)/(q*lamda)

#Part b
P = Pint/(n*(n+1)**2)

#Results
print "a)Internal quantum efficiency =",round(Nint,3)
print "  Internal power level =",round((Pint/1E-3),2),"mW(Calculation mistake in textbook)"
print "b)Power emitted from device =",round((P/1E-3),3),"mW"

a)Internal quantum efficiency = 0.783
  Internal power level = 25.97 mW(Calculation mistake in textbook)
b)Power emitted from device = 0.366 mW

Example 5.11, Page number 158

In [14]:
'''Find the transmission factor'''

#Varible declaration
I = 37        #drive current(mA)
V = 1.6       #potential difference(V)
Nep = 0.75    #power efficiency(%)
Pint = 30     #optical power(mW)
nx = 3.46     #refractive index of InP
n = 1         #refractive index of air

#Calculations
P = I*V
Pe = (P*Nep)/100
F = (Pe*4*nx**2)/(Pint*n**2)

#Result
print "Transmission factor =",round(F,1)

Transmission factor = 0.7

Example 5.12, Page number 158

In [15]:
'''Calculate the external power efficiency'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 0.85*10**-6  #operating wavelength(m)
Nint = 60./100       #internal quantum efficiency
i = 20*100**-3        #forward current(A/s)
v = 1                #potential difference(V)
F = 0.68             #transmission factor
nx = 3.6             #refractive index of GaAs
n = 1                #refractive index of air
h = 6.625*10**-34    #Planck's constant
c = 3*10**8          #speed of light(m/s)
e = 1.6*10**-19      #charge of an electron(C)

#Calculations
Pint = (Nint*h*c*i)/(e*lamda)
Pe = (Pint*F*v)/(4*nx**2)
Nep = (Pe/(i*v))*100

#Result
print "External power efficiency =",round(Nep,2),"%"

External power efficiency = 1.15 %

Example 5.13, Page number 159

In [16]:
'''Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rate to spontaneous emission rate'''

import math 

#Variable declaration
lamda = 0.5*10**-6  #operating wavelength(m)
T = 1000            #temperature(K)
c = 3*10**8         #speed of light(m/s)
h = 6.625*10**-34   #Planck's constant
k = 1.38*10**-23    #Boltman's constant

#Calculations
f = c/lamda
r = 1/(math.exp((h*f)/(k*T))-1)

#Result
print "Ratio = ",round((r/1E-13),2),"*10^-13"

Ratio =  3.09 *10^-13

Example 5.14, Page number 160

In [18]:
'''Find the optical spacing between mirrors'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 0.5*10**-6  #operating wavelength(m)
n = 1.38            #refractive index of laser
T = 1000            #temperature(K)
q = 1.3*10**4       #longitudnal modes

#Calculation
L = (lamda*q)/(2*n)

#Result
print "The optical spacing between mirrors is",round((L/1E-3),1),"*10^-3 m(Calculation mistake in textbook)"

The optical spacing between mirrors is 2.4 *10^-3 m(Calculation mistake in textbook)

Example 5.15, Page number 160

In [19]:
'''Find the number of longitudnal modes and their frequency seperation'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 0.55*10**-6  #operating wavelength(m)
n = 1.78             #refractive index of laser
L = 4*10**-2         #crystal length(m)
c = 3*10**8          #speed of light(m/s)

#Calculation
q = (2*n*L)/lamda

Sf = c/(2*n*L)

#Result
print "The number of longitudnal modes are",round((q/1E+5),1),"*10^5"
print "The frequency seperations is",round((Sf/1E+9),1),"GHz"

The number of longitudnal modes are 2.6 *10^5
The frequency seperations is 2.1 GHz

Example 5.16, Page number 161

In [24]:
'''Find the optical gain'''

import math

#Variable declaration
R1 = 0.32
R2 = R1
alpha = 10*10**-2       #cm
L = 500*10**-6   #m

#Calculation
gth = alpha+((math.log(1/(R1*R2)))/(2*L))

#Result
print "Optical gain =",round((gth/1E+2),1),"cm^-1(Calculation mistake in textbook)"

Optical gain = 22.8 cm^-1(Calculation mistake in textbook)

Example 5.17, Page number 161

In [21]:
'''Find frequency and wavelength spacing'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 850*10**-9   #operating wavelength(m)
n = 3.7              #refractive index of laser
L = 500*10**-6       #length(m)
c = 3*10**8          #speed of light(m/s)

#Calculations
Sf = c/(2*n*L)

Sl = lamda**2/(2*L*n)

#Results
print "Frequency =",round(Sf/1E+9),"GHz"
print "Wavelength spacing =",round((Sl/1E-9),3),"nm"

Frequency = 81.0 GHz
Wavelength spacing = 0.195 nm

Example 5.18, Page number 162

In [25]:
'''Find the radiative minority carrier lifetimes in GaAs nd Si'''

#Variable declaration
Br1 = 7.21*10**-10 #for GaAs
Br2 = 1.79*10**-15 #for Si
N = 10**18         #hole concentration(/cm^3)

#Calculations
#For GaAs
Tr = (Br1*N)**-1

#For Si
Tt = (Br2*N)**-1

#Results
print "The radiative minority carrier lifetimes in GaAs is",round((Tr/1E-9),1),"ns"
print "The radiative minority carrier lifetimes in Si is",round((Tt/1E-9),1),"ns"

The radiative minority carrier lifetimes in GaAs is 1.4 ns
The radiative minority carrier lifetimes in Si is 558659.2 ns

Example 5.19, Page number 162

In [26]:
'''Calculate the threshold density'''

import math 

#Varaible declaration
B = 21*10**-3   #gain factor(A/cm^3)
alpha = 10      #loss coefficent(/cm)
L = 250*10**-6  #optical cavity length(m)
r = 0.32        #reflectivity

#Calculation
Jth = (alpha+(1/L)*math.log(1/r))/B

#Result
print "Threshold density =",round((Jth/1E+3),2),"*10^3 A/cm^2(Calculation mistake in textbook)"

Threshold density = 217.51 *10^3 A/cm^2(Calculation mistake in textbook)

Example 5.20, Page number 163

In [27]:
'''Find the external power efficiency of the device'''

#Variable declaration
Nt = 18./100 #total efficiency
Eg = 1.43    #bandgap energy(eV)
V = 2.5      #voltage(V)

#Calculation
Next = ((Nt*Eg)/V)*100

#Result
print "External power efficiiency =",round(Next),"%"

External power efficiiency = 10.0 %

Example 5.21, Page number 163

In [28]:
'''Estimate the ratio of threshold current densities'''

import math 

#Variable declaration
T1 = 293.  #tempearute(K)
T2 = 353.  #K
To = 160.  #K

#Calculations
#At 20C
Jth1 = math.exp(T1/To)

#At 80C
Jth2 = math.exp(T2/To)

Jth = Jth2/Jth1

#Result
print "Ratio of current densities =",round(Jth,2)

Ratio of current densities = 1.45

Example 5.22, Page number 163

In [6]:
'''Calculate the optical emission wavelength'''

#Varaible declaraion
Eg = 1.43            #bandgap energy(eV)
h = 6.625*10**-34    #Planck's constant
c = 3*10**8          #speed of light(m/s)
e = 1.602*10**-19    #charge of an electron

#Calculations
lamda = (h*c)/(Eg*e)

#Result
print "Wavelength =",round(lamda/1e-6,3),"um"

Wavelength = 0.868 um

Example 5.23, Page number 164

In [30]:
'''Find the threshold coefficient gain'''

#Variable declaration
L = 0.5      #cavity length(mm)
alpha = 1.5  #loss coefficent
R1 = 0.35    #refractivities
R2=R1
T = 0.8      #confinement factor

#Calculation
gth = alpha+((math.log(1/(R1*R2)))/(2*L))
t = gth/T

#Result
print "Threshold coeeficient =",round(t,2),"mm^-1"

Threshold coeeficient = 4.5 mm^-1

Example 5.24, Page number 164

In [31]:
'''Find the cavity length and no. of longitudnal modes'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 0.87*10**-6  #operating wavelength(m)
n = 3.6              #refractive index of laser
Sf = 278.*10**9      #frequency(Hz)
c = 3*10**8          #speed of light(m/s)

#Calculations
L = c/(2*n*Sf)

x = (2*n*L)/lamda

#Results
print "Cavity length =",round((L/1E-2),4),"cm"
print "No. of longitudnal modes =",round((x/1E+3),2),"*10^3"

#Answers are calculated incorrectly in the textbook

Cavity length = 0.015 cm
No. of longitudnal modes = 1.24 *10^3

Example 5.25, Page number 165

In [33]:
'''Find the internal quantum efficiency'''

#Variable declaration
n = 3.6         #refractive index of laser
L = 500*10**-6  #cavity length(mm)
alpha = 20      #loss coefficent(/cm)
Nd = 45./100    #differential quantum efficiency

#Calculations
r1 = ((n-1)/(n+1))**2
r2=r1
Ni = Nd*(1+((2*alpha*L)/(math.log(1/(r1*r2)))))

#Result
print "Internal quantum efficiency =",round((Ni*100),2),"%(Calculation mistake in textbook)"

Internal quantum efficiency = 45.39 %(Calculation mistake in textbook)

Example 5.26, Page number 165

In [34]:
'''Estimate the no. of longitudnal modes and frequency seperation'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 0.5*10**-6   #operating wavelength(m)
n = 1.5              #refractive index of laser
L = 7*10**-2         #crystal length(m)
c = 3*10**8          #speed of light(m/s)

#Calculation
q = (2*n*L)/lamda

Sf = c/(2*n*L)

#Result
print "The number of longitudnal modes are",round((q/1E+5),1),"*10^5"
print "The frequency seperations is",round((Sf/1E+9),2),"GHz"

The number of longitudnal modes are 4.2 *10^5
The frequency seperations is 1.43 GHz

Example 5.27, Page number 166

In [35]:
'''find the length of optical cavity and no. of longitudnal modes'''

#Variable declaration
lamda = 0.87*10**-6  #operating wavelength(m)
n = 3.6              #refractive index of laser
Sf = 278.*10**9      #frequency(Hz)
c = 2.99*10**8       #speed of light(m/s)

#Calculations
L = c/(2*n*Sf)

x = (2*n*L)/lamda

#Results
print "Cavity length =",round((L/1E-6),1),"um"
print "No. of longitudnal modes =",round((x),2)

Cavity length = 149.4 um
No. of longitudnal modes = 1236.25

Example 5.28, Page number 166

In [36]:
'''Find hole concentration'''

#Variable declaration
Tr = 1*10**-9  #minority carrier lifetime(sec)
Br = 2.39*10**-10

#Calculation
P = 1/(Tr*Br)

#Result
print "Hole concentration =",round((P/1E+18),2),"*10^18 cm^-3"

Hole concentration = 4.18 *10^18 cm^-3

Example 5.29, Page number 167

In [39]:
'''Find the gain factor'''

#Variable declaration
L = 50*10**-6   #cavity length(m)
w = 15          #width(/cm)
Ith = 50*10**-3 #threshold current(A)
r1 = 0.3        #reflectivity
r2=r1
alpha = 10      #loss coefficient(/cm)


#Calculations
Jth = Ith/(L*w)
B = (1/Jth)*(alpha+((1/(2*L))*math.log(1/(r1*r2))))

#Result
print "Gain factor =",round((B/1E+2),2),"*10^2 cm/A"

Gain factor = 3.61 *10^2 cm/A

Example 5.30, Page number 167

In [40]:
'''Find the internal quantum efficiency'''

#Variable declaration
n = 3.6         #refractive index of laser
L = 500*10**-6  #cavity length(mm)
alpha = 20      #loss coefficent(/cm)
N = 22.5/100    #external quantum efficiency

#Calculations
r1 = ((n-1)/(n+1))**2
r2=r1
Ni = N/(1/((1+((2*alpha*L)/(math.log(1/(r1*r2)))))))
ni=N*(1+((2*alpha*L*10**-4)/(math.log(1/(r1*r2)))))


#Result
print "Internal quantum efficiency =",round((Ni*100),2),"%(Calculation mistake in textbook)"

Internal quantum efficiency = 22.7 %(Calculation mistake in textbook)
In [1]:
"""
Example 5.31 is same as example 5.14
Example 5.32 is same as example 5.16
Example 5.33 is same as example 5.18
Example 5.34 is same as example 5.19
Example 5.35 is same as example 5.21
"""
Out[1]:
'\nExample 5.31 is same as example 5.14\nExample 5.32 is same as example 5.16\nExample 5.33 is same as example 5.18\nExample 5.34 is same as example 5.19\nExample 5.35 is same as example 5.21\n'