Chapter 7: Optical Detectors

Example 1: PgNo-284

In [7]:
import math

# Initialisation of variables
n1=1.46    # core refractive index
n=1        # refractive index due to air
r=math.pow(((n1-n)/(n1+n)),2)
r1=0.03    # r take upto two decimal place
l_s=-10*math.log(1-r1)/math.log(10) # fiber loss in db
l_t=2*l_s  # total loss in db

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The fiber loss = ",l_s,"db"))
print ("\n there is a similar loss at the other interface ")
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The total fiber loss = ",l_t,"db"))

 The fiber loss =  0.13 db

 there is a similar loss at the other interface 

 The total fiber loss =  0.26 db

Example 2: PgNo-285

In [8]:
import math

# Variable declaration
n1=1.46 # core refractive index
n=1  # refractive index due to air
a=25*math.pow(10,-6) # core radius in m
y=3*math.pow(10,-6) # in m

# calculations
A=(y/a)*math.pow((1-math.pow((y/(2*a)),2)),0.5)
B=math.acos(y/(2*a))
C=n1/n
M=(16*math.pow(C,2))/(math.pi*math.pow((1+C),4))
n_lat=M*(2*B-A) # coupling efficiency for multimode step index fiber
L_lat=-10*math.log(n_lat)/math.log(10) # insertion loss for lateral misalignment
n_lat1=(1/math.pi)*(2*B-A) # coupling efficiency when there is no air gap
L_lat1=-10*math.log(n_lat1)/math.log(10) # insertion loss for lateral misalignment when there is no air gap

# Results
print ('%s %.2f ' %(" The coupling efficiency for multimode step index fiber = ", n_lat))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The insertion loss for lateral misalignment = ",L_lat,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f ' %("\n The coupling efficiency when there is no air gap = ", n_lat1))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The insertion loss for lateral misalignment when there is no air gap = ",L_lat1,"dB"))

 The coupling efficiency for multimode step index fiber =  0.86 

 The insertion loss for lateral misalignment =  0.65 dB

 The coupling efficiency when there is no air gap =  0.92 

 The insertion loss for lateral misalignment when there is no air gap =  0.34 dB

Example 3: PgNo-287

In [9]:
import math

# Variable declaration
n1=1.50     # core refractive index
n=1         # refractive index due to air
a=25*math.pow(10,-6) # core radius in m
y=4*math.pow(10,-6) # in m

# calculations
A=(y/a)*math.pow((1-math.pow((y/(2*a)),2)),0.5)
B=math.acos(y/(2*a))
C=n1/n
M=(16*math.pow(C,2))/(math.pi*math.pow((1+C),4))
n_lat=M*(2*B-A)                # coupling efficiency for multimode step index fiber
L_lat=-10*math.log(n_lat)/math.log(10)   # insertion loss for lateral misalignment
dx=4*(math.pi/180)          # angular misalignment in radian
dl=0.02                #relative index difference
NA=n1*math.sqrt(2*dl)       # numerical aperture
n_ang=1-(0.069/(math.pi*NA)) # coupling efficiency due to angular misalignment
L_ang=-10*math.log(n_ang)/math.log(10) # loss due to angular misalignment
Lt=L_lat+L_ang         # total insertion loss in dB

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %( " The total insertion loss = ",Lt,"dB"))
print ("\n the answer is wrong in the textbook ")

 The total insertion loss =  1.15 dB

 the answer is wrong in the textbook

Example 4: PgNo-292

In [10]:
import math

# variable initialisation
n1=1.46 # core refractive index
n=1 #refractive index due to air
a=1 # core radius in m
y=0.12  #lateral offset 

# Calculations
A=(y/a)*math.pow((1-math.pow((y/(2*a)),2)),0.5)
B=math.acos(y/(2*a))
C=n1/n
M=(16*math.pow(C,2))/(math.pi*math.pow((1+C),4))
n_lat=M*(2*B-A) #coupling efficiency when there is a smsll air gap
L_lat=-10*math.log(n_lat)/math.log(10) # insertion loss when there is a smsll air gap
n_lat1=(1/math.pi)*(2*B-A) # coupling efficiency when the joint is indexed matched
L_lat1=-10*math.log(n_lat1)/math.log(10) # insertion loss when the joint is indexed matched

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The insertion loss when there is a smsll air gap = ",L_lat,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %( "\n The insertion loss when the joint is indexed matched = ",L_lat1,"dB"))

 The insertion loss when there is a smsll air gap =  0.65 dB

 The insertion loss when the joint is indexed matched =  0.34 dB

Example 5: PgNo-296

In [11]:
import math

# variable initialisation
d1=60*math.pow(10,-6)# core diameter of fiber 1 in m
d2=50*math.pow(10,-6) # core diameter of fiber 1 in m
NA1=0.25 # numerical aerture of fiber 1
NA2=0.22 # numerical aerture of fiber 2
a1=2.0 # for fiber 1
a2=1.9 # for fiber 2

# calculations
n_cd=math.pow((d2/d1),2)
n_NA=math.pow((NA2/NA1),2);
n_a=(1+(2/a1))/(1+(2/a2))
n_t=n_cd*n_NA*n_a # total coupling efficiency
Lt=-10*math.log(n_t)/math.log(10) #total loss at the joint in dB

# Results
print ('%s %.3f ' %(" The total coupling efficiency in the frw direction = ", n_t))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The total loss at the joint in the frw direction = ",Lt,"dB"))
print ("\n In the backward direction n_cd & n_a are all unity therefore there will be no loss in the backward direction of transmission of the signal ")

 The total coupling efficiency in the frw direction =  0.524 

 The total loss at the joint in the frw direction =  2.81 dB

 In the backward direction n_cd & n_a are all unity therefore there will be no loss in the backward direction of transmission of the signal

Example 6: PgNo-298

In [12]:
import math

# variable initialisation
d1=80*math.pow(10,-6) #core diameter of fiber 1 in m
d2=60*math.pow(10,-6) #core diameter of fiber 1 in m
NA1=0.25    # numerical aerture of fiber 1
NA2=0.20   # numerical aerture of fiber 2
a1=1.9   # for fiber 1
a2=2.1  # for fiber 2

# Calculations
n_cd=math.pow((d2/d1),2)
n_NA=math.pow((NA2/NA1),2)
n_a=(1+(2/a1))/(1+(2/a2))
n_t=n_cd*n_NA*n_a # total coupling efficiency in the frw direction
Lt=-10*math.log(n_t)/math.log(10) # total loss at the joint in the frw direction in dB
n_cd1=1
n_NA1=1
n_a1=(1+(2/a2))/(1+(2/a1))
n_t1=n_cd1*n_NA1*n_a1 # total coupling efficiency in the backward direction
Lt1=-10*math.log(n_t1)/math.log(10)# total loss at the joint in the backward direction in dB

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The total loss at the joint in the frw direction = ",Lt,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The total loss at the joint in the backward direction = ",Lt1,"dB"))

 The total loss at the joint in the frw direction =  4.22 dB

 The total loss at the joint in the backward direction =  0.22 dB

Example 7: PgNo-303

In [13]:
import math

# variable initialisation
n1=1.5 # core refractive index
n=1.47 # refractive index due to air
a=1 # core radius in m
y=0.12 # lateral offset

# calculations
A=(y/a)*math.pow((1-math.pow((y/(2*a)),2)),0.5)
B=math.acos(y/(2*a))
C=n1/n
M=(16*math.pow(C,2))/(math.pi*math.pow((1+C),4))
n_lat=M*(2*B-A) #coupling efficiency of the splice
L_lat=-10*math.log(n_lat)/math.log(10) #insertion loss of the splice

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %( " The insertion loss of the splice = ",L_lat,"dB"))

 The insertion loss of the splice =  0.35 dB

Example 8: PgNo-305

In [14]:
import math

# Variable initialisation
L_f=0.036
n_f=math.pow(10,(-0.036))
# here we get a quadratic equation in n1 and on solving we get
n1=(2.17+math.sqrt(math.pow((-2.17),2)-4*1*1))/2 # refractive index of the fiber core
# Results
print ('%s %.3f' %(" The refractive index of the fiber core = ", n1))

 The refractive index of the fiber core =  1.506

Example 9: PgNo-309

In [15]:
import math

# variable declaration
n1=1.46 #core refractive index
n=4   # refractive index due to air
x=math.pi/180
A=(16*math.pow(n1,2))/(math.pow((1+n1),4))
B=n*x
n_ang=math.pow(10,(-0.06)) # angular coupling efficiency
NA=B/((math.pi)*(1-(n_ang/A))) # numerical aperture

# Results
print ('%s %.2f' %(" The numerical aperture = ", NA))

 The numerical aperture =  0.34

Example 10: PgNo-311

In [16]:
import math

# Variable declaration
y=5*math.pow(10,-6)   # lateral misalignment in m
a=25*math.pow(10,-6)  # core diameter in m
Lt=0.85*(y/a)    # misalignment loss
n_c=1-Lt         # coupling efficiency
L_i=-10*math.log(n_c)/math.log(10) # insertion loss in dB
Lt1=0.75*(y/a)   # misalignment loss if we have both guided and leaky modes
n_c1=1-Lt1       # coupling efficiency
L_i1=-10*math.log(n_c1)/math.log(10) # insertion loss in dB if we have both guided and leaky modes

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The insertion loss = ",L_i,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The insertion loss,if we have both guided and leaky modes = ",L_i1,"dB"))

 The insertion loss =  0.81 dB

 The insertion loss,if we have both guided and leaky modes =  0.71 dB

Example 11: PgNo-314

In [17]:
import math

# Variable declaration
n1=1.5 # core refractive index
n=1  # refractive index due to air
x=5*math.pi/180

# Calculations
C=n1/n
A=(16*math.pow(C,2))/(math.pow((1+C),4))
B=n*x
NA=0.22 # numerical aperture
n_ang=A*(1-(B/(math.pi*NA))) # angular coupling efficiency
L_ang=-10*math.log(n_ang)/math.log(10) # inserion loss when NA=0.22
NA1=0.32 # numerical aperture
n_ang1=A*(1-(B/(math.pi*NA1))) # angular coupling efficiency
L_ang1=-10*math.log(n_ang1)/math.log(10) # inserion loss when NA=0.32

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The inserion loss when NA=0.22 = ",L_ang,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The inserion loss when NA=0.32 = ",L_ang1,"dB"))

 The inserion loss when NA=0.22 =  0.94 dB

 The inserion loss when NA=0.32 =  0.75 dB

Example 12: PgNo-315

In [18]:
import math

# Variable declaration
V=2.50 # normalised frequency
n1=1.5 # core refractive index
a=4.5*math.pow(10,-6) # core radius in m
NA=0.2 # numerical aperture
y=3*math.pow(10,-6) # lateral misalignment in m
w=a*((0.65+1.62*math.pow((V),-1.5)+2.88*math.pow((V),-6))/math.pow(2,0.5)) # normalised spot size in m
T1=2.17*math.pow((y/w),2) # Loss due to lateral offset in dB
x=(math.pi/180)*w
Ta=2.17*math.pow(((x*n1*V)/(a*NA)),2) # loss due to angular misalignment in dB
T=T1+Ta # total insertion loss in dB

# Results
print ('%s %.3f %s' %(" The total insertion loss  = ",T,"dB"))
print ("\n The answer is wrong in the textbook ")

 The total insertion loss  =  1.813 dB

 The answer is wrong in the textbook

Example 13: PgNo-317

In [19]:
import math

# variable declaration
P1=65       # optical power in uW
P2=0.005    #output power at port 2 in uW
P3=24       # output power at port 3 in uW
P4=26.5     #output power at port 4 in uW

# Calculations
Le=10*math.log(P1/(P3+P4))/math.log(10) # Excess loss in dB
Le1=10*math.log(P1/P3)/math.log(10) # insertion loss port 1 to 3 in dB
Le2=10*math.log(P1/P4)/math.log(10) # insertion loss port 1 to 4 in dB
ct=10*math.log(P2/P1)/math.log(10) # cross talk in dB
sr=(P3/(P3+P4))*100 # split ratio

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The Excess loss = ",Le,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The insertion loss port 1 to 3  = ",Le1,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The insertion loss port 1 to 4  = ",Le2,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The cross talk = ",ct,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The split ratio = ",sr,"%"))

 The Excess loss =  1.10 dB

 The insertion loss port 1 to 3  =  3.01 dB

 The insertion loss port 1 to 4  =  3.90 dB

 The cross talk =  -41.14 dB

 The split ratio =  47.52 %

Example 14: PgNo-318

In [20]:
import math

# variable initialisation
n=1.0
n1=1.48
r=math.pow(((n1-n)/(n1+n)),2) # fresnel's reflection
Ls=-10*math.log(1-r)/math.log(10) #optical loss in dB
Lt=2*Ls # total fresnel loss

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The total fresnel loss = ",Lt,"dB"))

 The total fresnel loss =  0.33 dB

Example 15: PgNo-322

In [21]:
import math

#Variable declaration
NA1=0.32 # numerical aperture for fiber1
NA2=0.22 # numerical aperture for fiber2
Lc=20*math.log(NA1/NA2)/math.log(10) #NA mismatch coupling loss

#Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The NA mismatch coupling loss = ",Lc,"dB"))

 The NA mismatch coupling loss =  3.25 dB

Example 16: PgNo-325

In [22]:
import math

# variable initialisation
P0=250.0 # optical power in uW
P1=80.0 # output power at port 1 in uW
P2=70.0 # output power at port 2 in uW
P3=5*math.pow(10,-3) # output power at port 3 in uW

# calculations
cr=(P2/(P1+P2))*100 # coupling ratio
Le=10*math.log(P0/(P1+P2))/math.log(10) # Excess loss in dB
Le1=10*math.log(P0/P1)/math.log(10) # insertion loss port 0 to 1 in dB
Le2=10*math.log(P0/P2)/math.log(10) # insertion loss port 0 to 2 in dB
ct=10*math.log(P3/P0)/math.log(10)  #cross talk in dB

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The coupling ratio = ",cr,"%"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The Excess loss = ",Le,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The insertion loss port 0 to 1  = ",Le1,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The insertion loss port 0 to 2 = ",Le2,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The cross talk = ",ct,"dB"))

 The coupling ratio =  46.67 %

 The Excess loss =  2.22 dB

 The insertion loss port 0 to 1  =  4.95 dB

 The insertion loss port 0 to 2 =  5.53 dB

 The cross talk =  -46.99 dB

Example 17: PgNo-327

In [23]:
import math

# Variable declaration
P_21=4.0/5.0 # ratio of the input available at port2
P_31=1.0/5.0 # ratio of the input available at port3 
Lt=-10*math.log(P_21)/math.log(10) # throughput loss
Lp=-10*math.log(P_31)/math.log(10) # tap loss
Le=-10*math.log(P_21+P_31)/math.log(10) # excess loss

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The throughput loss = ",Lt,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The tap loss = ",Lp,"dB"))
print ("\n Directionality=-10*log(0/Pi=infinity)")
print ('%s %.1f %s' %("\n The excess loss = ",Le,"dB"))

 The throughput loss =  0.97 dB

 The tap loss =  6.99 dB

 Directionality=-10*log(0/Pi=infinity)

 The excess loss =  -0.0 dB

Example 18: PgNo-329

In [24]:
import math

# Variable declaration
Le=4 # excess loss in dB
D=60 # Directionality in dB
P_41=math.pow(10,-6) # the ratio of P4 to P1
P_31=0.670/5 # the ratio of P3 to P1
P_21=P_31*4 # the ratio of P2 to P1
Lt=-10*math.log(P_21)/math.log(10) # throughput loss
Lp=-10*math.log(P_31)/math.log(10) # tap loss
Ls=-10*math.log(0.670)/math.log(10) # loss due to radiation scattering in dB

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The fraction of the input power goes to each of the ports = ",P_21,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The throughput loss = ",Lt,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The tap loss = ",Lp,"dB"))
print ('%s %.2f %s' %("\n The loss due to radiation scattering = ",Ls,"dB"))

 The fraction of the input power goes to each of the ports =  0.54 dB

 The throughput loss =  2.71 dB

 The tap loss =  8.73 dB

 The loss due to radiation scattering =  1.74 dB

Example 19: PgNo-330

In [25]:
import math

# Variable declaration
L1=1.5 # length in km
L2=2/1000 # length in km
Pi=50.1*math.pow(10,-6) # optical power in W
Po=385.4*math.pow(10,-6) # output power in W
a=(10/(L1-L2))*math.log(Po/Pi)/math.log(10) # attenuation per km

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The attenuation per km = ",a,"dB/km"))

 The attenuation per km =  5.91 dB/km

Example 20: PgNo-334

In [26]:
import math

# Variable initialisation
Psc=5.31*math.pow(10,-9)
Popt=98.45*math.pow(10,-6) 
L=5.99 # length in km
asc=(4.343*math.pow(10,5)/L)*(Psc/Popt) # scattering loss in the fiber in dB

# Results
print ('%s %.2f %s' %(" The scattering loss in the fiber = ",asc,"dB/km"))

 The scattering loss in the fiber =  3.91 dB/km