Chapter 4: Inverters

example 4.1, Page No.205

In [16]:
# Maximum output frequency

import math
#Variable declaration
R = 80.0               # serries inverter resistance
L = 8*10**-3           # serries inverter inductance
C = 1.2*10**-6         # serries inverter capacitance

#Calculations
X =(4*L)/C
f = math.sqrt((1/(L*C))-((R**2)/(4*L**2)))
f = math.ceil(f)
#Result
print("R^2 = %.0f\n4L/C = %.0f"%(R*R,X))
print("Since (R^2)<(4L/C), circuit is underdamped and it will work as a series inverter.")
print("\nMaximum frequency = %.4f*10^4 rad/sec or %.2f Hz"%(f/10000,f/(2*math.pi)))

R^2 = 6400
4L/C = 26667
Since (R^2)<(4L/C), circuit is underdamped and it will work as a series inverter.

Maximum frequency = 0.8898*10^4 rad/sec or 1416.16 Hz

example 4.2, Page No. 205

In [36]:
# output frequency(refering example 4.1)

import math
#Variable declaration
R = 80.0               # serries inverter resistance
L = 8*10**-3           # serries inverter inductance
C = 1.2*10**-6         # serries inverter capacitance
t = 14*10**-6          # turn off time of thyristor
Fmax = 1416.16         # frequency as calculated in ex 4.1

#Calculation
T =1/Fmax
T = math.floor(T*10**6)/10**6
k = 1/0.000734
f =1/(T+2*t)

#Result
print("frequency = %.1f Hz"%f)

frequency = 1362.4 Hz

example 4.3, Page No.205

In [67]:
# circuit turn off time and max frequency

import math
#Variable declaration
L = 50.0*10**-6              # Inductance
C = 6.0*10**-6               # capacitance
R = 4.0                      # Resistance
V = 200.0                    # input voltage
f = 6000.0                   # output frequency
t = 6.0*10**-6               # SCR turn off time

#calculations
x = 4*L/C
wr = math.sqrt((1/(L*C))-((R**2)/(4*L**2)))
wr = math.floor(wr*10)/10
fr = wr/(2*math.pi)
#(a)
x1 = math.pi/wr
x1= math.floor(x1*10**7)/10**7
toff = (math.pi/(2*math.pi*f))-(x1)
#(b)
fmax = 1/(2*((x1)+t))

#result
print("(a) Available circuit turn off time = %.2f micro-sec\n(b) fmax = %.1f Hz"%(toff*10**6,fmax))

(a) Available circuit turn off time = 7.93 micro-sec
(b) fmax = 6142.5 Hz

example 4.4, Page No. 208

In [87]:
# thyristor ratings

import math
#Variable declaration
V = 40.0                # input DC voltage
Vo = 230.0              # output voltage
f = 50.0                # output frequency
Il = 2.0                # peak load current
t = 50.0*10**-6         # turn off time

#calculations
Il_r = Vo*2/V
#after solving (i),(ii)
C=((t*3/math.pi)**2)*(((2*Vo)/(V**2))**2)
C = math.sqrt(C)
C = math.ceil(C*10**8)/10**8
L = ((t*3/math.pi)**2)/C
# OR
#L= C/(((2*Vo)/(V**2))**2)

#Result
print("L = %.2f *10^-6 H\nC = %.2f *10^-6 F"%(L*10**6,C*10**6))
print("\nFinal SCR rating is 100V,20A, turn off time 50 micro-sec")

L = 166.04 *10^-6 H
C = 13.73 *10^-6 F

Final SCR rating is 100V,20A, turn off time 50 micro-sec

example 4.5, Page No. 213

In [91]:
#Single phase half bridge inverter

import math
# variable declaration
R = 3.0               # load resistance
V = 30.0              # input DC voltage

#Calculations
#(a) for n=1;
V1rms = 2*V/(math.sqrt(2)*math.pi)
#(b)
Vl = V/2
P = (Vl**2)/R
#(c)
Ip = Vl/R
#(d)
Iavg = Ip/2
#(e)
Vr = 2*Vl

#Result
print("(a) RMS value V1 = %.1f V\n(b) Output power = %.0f W\n(c) Peak current in each thyristor = %.0f A"%(V1rms,P,Ip))
print("(d)Each thyristor conducts for 50%% of time,\n             Average current = %.1f A"%(Iavg))
print("(e) Peak reverse blocking voltage = %.0f V"%Vr)

(a) RMS value V1 = 13.5 V
(b) Output power = 75 W
(c) Peak current in each thyristor = 5 A
(d)Each thyristor conducts for 50% of time,
             Average current = 2.5 A
(e) Peak reverse blocking voltage = 30 V

example 4.6, Page No. 214

In [2]:
# full bridge inverter

import math
# variable declaration
R = 3.0               # load resistance
V = 30.0              # input DC voltage

#Calculations
#(a) for n=1;
V1rms = 4*V/(math.sqrt(2)*math.pi)
#(b)
Vl = V
P = (Vl**2)/R
#(c)
Ip = Vl/R
#(d)
Iavg = Ip/2
#(e)
Vr = Vl

#Result
print("(a) RMS value V1 = %.1f V\n(b) Output power = %.0f W\n(c) Peak current in each thyristor = %.0f A"%(V1rms,P,Ip))
print("(d)Each thyristor conducts for 50%% of time,\n             Average current = %.1f A"%(Iavg))
print("(e) Peak reverse blocking voltage = %.0f V"%Vr)

(a) RMS value V1 = 27.0 V
(b) Output power = 300 W
(c) Peak current in each thyristor = 10 A
(d)Each thyristor conducts for 50% of time,
             Average current = 5.0 A
(e) Peak reverse blocking voltage = 30 V

example 4.7, Page No. 214

In [70]:
# Full bridge inverter circuit

import math
#Variable declaration
V = 200.0                 # input voltage
R = 10.0                  # resistance
L = 20.0*10**-3           # Inductance
C = 100.0*10**-6          # capacitance
f = 50.0                  # inverter frequency

#(a)
Z1_r = R
Z1_i = (2*math.pi*f*L)-(1/(2*math.pi*f*C))
Z1_i = math.floor(Z1_i*100)/100
Z1_mag = math.sqrt((Z1_r**2) + (Z1_i**2)) 
Z1_angle =math.atan(Z1_i/Z1_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z1_angle = math.floor(Z1_angle*100)/100

Z3_r = R
Z3_i = (3*2*math.pi*f*L)-(1/(3*2*math.pi*f*C))
Z3_i = math.floor(Z3_i*100)/100
Z3_mag = math.sqrt((Z3_r**2) + (Z3_i**2)) 
Z3_angle =math.atan(Z3_i/Z3_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z3_angle = math.floor(Z3_angle*100)/100

Z5_r = R
Z5_i = (5*2*math.pi*f*L)-(1/(5*2*math.pi*f*C))
Z5_i = math.floor(Z5_i*100)/100
Z5_mag = math.sqrt((Z5_r**2) + (Z5_i**2)) 
Z5_angle =math.atan(Z5_i/Z5_r)*(180/math.pi) 
#Z5_angle = math.floor(Z5_angle*100)/100

Z7_r = R
Z7_i = (7*2*math.pi*f*L)-(1/(7*2*math.pi*f*C))
Z7_i = math.floor(Z7_i*100)/100
Z7_mag = math.sqrt((Z7_r**2) + (Z7_i**2)) 
Z7_angle =math.atan(Z7_i/Z7_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z7_angle = math.floor(Z7_angle*100)/100

Z9_r = R
Z9_i = (9*2*math.pi*f*L)-(1/(9*2*math.pi*f*C))
Z9_i = math.floor(Z9_i*100)/100
Z9_mag = math.sqrt((Z9_r**2) + (Z9_i**2)) 
Z9_angle =math.atan(Z9_i/Z9_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z9_angle = math.floor(Z9_angle*100)/100

x = 4*V/(math.pi)
w = 2*math.pi*f

#(b)
I1 = math.floor(x*100/Z1_mag)/100
I3 = math.floor(x*100/(3*Z3_mag))/100
I5 = math.ceil(x*100/(5*Z5_mag))/100
I7 = math.ceil(x*1000/(7*Z7_mag))/1000
I9 = math.ceil(x*1000/(9*Z9_mag))/1000
If = I1/math.sqrt(2)
If = math.floor(If*100)/100
#(c)
Ip =math.sqrt(I1**2+I3**2+I5**2+I7**2+I9**2)
#(d)
Ihc = math.sqrt(Ip**2- I1**2)/math.sqrt(2)
Thd = math.sqrt(Ip**2- I1**2)/I1
#(e)
Ilrms = Ip/math.sqrt(2)
P = R*Ilrms**2
Pf = R*If**2
#(f)
Iavg = P/V

#Result
print("(a)\nZ1 = %.3f < %.2f°"%(Z1_mag,Z1_angle))
print("Z3 = %.2f < %.2f°"%(Z3_mag,Z3_angle))
print("Z5 = %.2f < %.2f°"%(Z5_mag,Z5_angle))
print("Z7 = %.2f < %.2f°"%(Z7_mag,Z7_angle))
print("Z9 = %.2f < %.2f°"%(Z9_mag,Z9_angle))
print("Vl = %.2fsin(%.2ft)+%.2fsin(3*%.2ft)+%.2fsin(5*%.2ft)+%.2fsin(7*%.2ft)+%.2fsin(9*%.2ft)"%(x,w,x/3,w,x/5,w,x/7,w,x/9,w))
print("Il = %.2fsin(%.2ft%.2f°)+%.2fsin(3*%.2ft-%.2f°)+%.2fsin(5*%.2ft-%.2f°)+%.3fsin(7*%.2ft-%.2f°)+%.3fsin(9*%.2ft-%.2f°)"%(I1,w,Z1_angle,I3,w,Z3_angle,I5,w,Z5_angle,I7,w,Z7_angle,I9,w,Z9_angle))

print("\n(b) RMS load current at fundamental frequency = %.2f A"%If)
print("\n(c) Peak value of load current = %.2f A"%Ip)
print("\n(d) RMS harmonic current = %.3f A\n    Total harmonic distortion = %.3f or %.1f%%"%(Ihc,Thd,Thd*100))
print("\n(e) RMS value of load current = %.3f A\n    Total output power = %.1f W\n    Fundamental component of power = %.3f W"%(Ilrms,P,Pf))
print("\n(f) Average input current = %.4f A\n    Peak thyristor current = %.2f A"%(Iavg,Ip))
#Some values are accurate only upto 1 or 2 decimal places

(a)
Z1 = 27.437 < -68.63°
Z3 = 12.95 < 39.45°
Z5 = 26.96 < 68.23°
Z7 = 40.68 < 75.76°
Z9 = 53.94 < 79.31°
Vl = 254.65sin(314.16t)+84.88sin(3*314.16t)+50.93sin(5*314.16t)+36.38sin(7*314.16t)+28.29sin(9*314.16t)
Il = 9.28sin(314.16t-68.63°)+6.55sin(3*314.16t-39.45°)+1.89sin(5*314.16t-68.23°)+0.895sin(7*314.16t-75.76°)+0.525sin(9*314.16t-79.31°)

(b) RMS load current at fundamental frequency = 6.56 A

(c) Peak value of load current = 11.56 A

(d) RMS harmonic current = 4.876 A
    Total harmonic distortion = 0.743 or 74.3%

(e) RMS value of load current = 8.175 A
    Total output power = 668.3 W
    Fundamental component of power = 430.336 W

(f) Average input current = 3.3417 A
    Peak thyristor current = 11.56 A

example 4.8, Page No. 216

In [72]:
# Value of C for proper load communication

import math
#variable declaration
R = 2              # resistance
Xl = 10            # inductive reactance
f = 4*10**3        # operating frequency
T = 12*10**-6      # turn off time of thyristor
tol = 1.5          # 50% tolerance in circuit turn off time

#Calculations
T = T*tol
theta = 2*math.pi*f*T    #radians
#theta = theta*180/math.pi
Xc = 2*math.tan(theta)+Xl
C = 1/(Xc*2*math.pi*f)

#Result
print("C = %.2f*10^-6 F"%(C*10**6))

C = 3.63*10^-6 F

example 4.9, Page No. 216

In [117]:
# Full bridge inverter

import math
#variable declaratrion
R = 10              # resistance
L = 50*10**-3       # inductance
f = 50              # frequency
V = 100             # input voltage

#Calculation 

#(a)
Z1_r = R
Z1_i = (2*math.pi*f*L)
Z1_i = math.floor(Z1_i*100)/100
Z1_mag = math.sqrt((Z1_r**2) + (Z1_i**2)) 
Z1_mag = math.ceil(Z1_mag*100)/100
Z1_angle =math.atan(Z1_i/Z1_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z1_angle = math.floor(Z1_angle*100)/100

Z3_r = R
Z3_i = (3*2*math.pi*f*L)
Z3_i = math.floor(Z3_i*100)/100
Z3_mag = math.sqrt((Z3_r**2) + (Z3_i**2)) 
Z3_angle =math.atan(Z3_i/Z3_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z3_angle = math.floor(Z3_angle*100)/100

Z5_r = R
Z5_i = (5*2*math.pi*f*L)
Z5_i = math.floor(Z5_i*100)/100
Z5_mag = math.sqrt((Z5_r**2) + (Z5_i**2)) 
Z5_mag = math.ceil(Z5_mag*100)/100
Z5_angle =math.atan(Z5_i/Z5_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z5_angle = math.ceil(Z5_angle*100)/100

Z7_r = R
Z7_i = (7*2*math.pi*f*L)
Z7_i = math.floor(Z7_i*100)/100
Z7_mag = math.sqrt((Z7_r**2) + (Z7_i**2)) 
Z7_mag = math.ceil(Z7_mag*100)/100
Z7_angle =math.atan(Z7_i/Z7_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z7_angle = math.floor(Z7_angle*100)/100

x = 4*V/(math.pi)
w = 2*math.pi*f
#(b)
I1 = math.ceil(x*100/Z1_mag)/100
I3 = math.floor(x*1000/(3*Z3_mag))/1000
I5 = math.floor(x*100/(5*Z5_mag))/100
I7 = math.ceil(x*1000/(7*Z7_mag))/1000

Ip =math.sqrt(I1**2+I3**2+I5**2+I7**2)

#Result
print("Vl = %.2fsin(%.2ft)+%.2fsin(%.2ft)+%.2fsin(%.2ft)+%.2fsin(%.2ft)"%(x,w,x/3,3*w,x/5,5*w,x/7,7*w))

print("\nLoad impedances for various harmonics are:")
print("Z1 = %.2f < %.1f°"%(Z1_mag,Z1_angle))
print("Z3 = %.2f < %.0f°"%(Z3_mag,Z3_angle))
print("Z5 = %.2f < %.2f°"%(Z5_mag,Z5_angle))
print("Z7 = %.2f < %.2f°"%(Z7_mag,Z7_angle))

print("\nIl = %.2fsin(%.2ft-%.1f°)+%.3fsin(%.2ft-%.0f°)+%.2fsin(%.2ft-%.2f°)+%.3fsin(%.2ft-%.1f°)"%(I1,w,Z1_angle,I3,3*w,Z3_angle,I5,5*w,Z5_angle,I7,7*w,Z7_angle))

print("\nPeak load current = %.2f A"%Ip)

Vl = 127.32sin(314.16t)+42.44sin(942.48t)+25.46sin(1570.80t)+18.19sin(2199.11t)

Load impedances for various harmonics are:
Z1 = 18.62 < 57.5°
Z3 = 48.17 < 78°
Z5 = 79.17 < 82.75°
Z7 = 110.41 < 84.80°

Il = 6.84sin(314.16t-57.5°)+0.881sin(942.48t-78°)+0.32sin(1570.80t-82.75°)+0.165sin(2199.11t-84.8°)

Peak load current = 6.91 A

example 4.10, Page No. 217

In [152]:
# single phase Full bridge inverter

import math
#variable declaratrion
R = 20              # resistance
L = 10*10**-3       # inductance
f = 50.0            # frequency
V = 100             # input voltage

#Calculation 
#(a)
Vrms = V
#(b)
Z1_r = R
Z1_i = (2*math.pi*f*L)
Z1_i = math.floor(Z1_i*100)/100
Z1_mag = math.sqrt((Z1_r**2) + (Z1_i**2)) 
Z1_mag = math.floor(Z1_mag*100)/100
Z1_angle =math.atan(Z1_i/Z1_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z1_angle = math.floor(Z1_angle*100)/100

Z3_r = R
Z3_i = (3*2*math.pi*f*L)
Z3_i = math.floor(Z3_i*100)/100
Z3_mag = math.sqrt((Z3_r**2) + (Z3_i**2)) 
Z3_angle =math.atan(Z3_i/Z3_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z3_angle = math.floor(Z3_angle*100)/100

Z5_r = R
Z5_i = (5*2*math.pi*f*L)
Z5_i = math.floor(Z5_i*100)/100
Z5_mag = math.sqrt((Z5_r**2) + (Z5_i**2)) 
Z5_mag = math.ceil(Z5_mag*100)/100
Z5_angle =math.atan(Z5_i/Z5_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z5_angle = math.floor(Z5_angle*100)/100

Z7_r = R
Z7_i = (7*2*math.pi*f*L)
Z7_i = math.floor(Z7_i*100)/100
Z7_mag = math.sqrt((Z7_r**2) + (Z7_i**2)) 
Z7_mag = math.floor(Z7_mag*100)/100
Z7_angle =math.atan(Z7_i/Z7_r)*(180/math.pi) 
Z7_angle = math.floor(Z7_angle*100)/100

x = 4*V/(math.pi)
w = 2*math.pi*f

I1 = math.floor(x*100/Z1_mag)/100
I3 = math.floor(x*1000/(3*Z3_mag))/1000
I5 = math.floor(x*1000/(5*Z5_mag))/1000
I7 = math.floor(x*1000/(7*Z7_mag))/1000

#(c)
Ip =math.sqrt(I1**2+I3**2+I5**2+I7**2)

#Result
print("(a) RMS load voltage %d V"%Vrms)
print("\n(b)\n\nVl = %.2fsin(%.2ft)+%.2fsin(%.2ft)+%.2fsin(%.2ft)+%.2fsin(%.2ft)"%(x,w,x/3,3*w,x/5,5*w,x/7,7*w))

print("\nLoad impedances for various harmonics are:")
print("Z1 = %.2f < %.2f°"%(Z1_mag,Z1_angle))
print("Z3 = %.1f < %.2f°"%(Z3_mag,Z3_angle))
print("Z5 = %.2f < %.2f°"%(Z5_mag,Z5_angle))
print("Z7 = %.2f < %.2f°"%(Z7_mag,Z7_angle))

print("\nIl = %.2fsin(%.2ft-%.2f°)+%.2fsin(%.2ft-%.2f°)+%.3fsin(%.2ft-%.2f°)+%.3fsin(%.2ft-%.2f°)"%(I1,w,Z1_angle,I3,3*w,Z3_angle,I5,5*w,Z5_angle,I7,7*w,Z7_angle))
print("\nRMS value of fundamental component of load current = %.3f A"%(I1/math.sqrt(2)))
print("\n(c) Peak load current = %.2f A"%Ip)

(a) RMS load voltage 100 V

(b)

Vl = 127.32sin(314.16t)+42.44sin(942.48t)+25.46sin(1570.80t)+18.19sin(2199.11t)

Load impedances for various harmonics are:
Z1 = 20.24 < 8.92°
Z3 = 22.1 < 25.22°
Z5 = 25.43 < 38.13°
Z7 = 29.72 < 47.71°

Il = 6.29sin(314.16t-8.92°)+1.92sin(942.48t-25.22°)+1.001sin(1570.80t-38.13°)+0.612sin(2199.11t-47.71°)

RMS value of fundamental component of load current = 4.448 A

(c) Peak load current = 6.68 A

example 4.11, Page No.229

In [156]:
# 3-phase bridge inverter with 120° mode of operation

import math
#Variable declaration
V = 400.0                # supply voltage
R = 10.0                 # per phase resistor

#Calculations
Ip = V/(2*R)
Irms = math.sqrt(((2*R)**2)*(2.0/3.0))
P = Irms**2*R*3
Iavg = 2*R/3
Itrms = math.sqrt((2*R)**2/3)

#Result
print("Peak value of load current = %d A\nRMS load current = %.2f A\nPower output = %.0f W"%(Ip,Irms,P))
print("Average thyristor current = %.2f A\nRMS value of thyristor current = %.2f A"%(Iavg,Itrms))

Peak value of load current = 20 A
RMS load current = 16.33 A
Power output = 8000 W
Average thyristor current = 6.67 A
RMS value of thyristor current = 11.55 A

example 4.12, Page No. 230

In [164]:
# 3-phase bridge inverter with 180° mode of operation

import math
#variable declaration
V = 400.0                # supply voltage
R = 10.0                 # per phase resistor

#Calculations
Rl = 1.5*R
i1 = V/Rl
Irms = math.sqrt((1/(2*math.pi))*(((i1**2*(2*math.pi/3)))+((i1/2)**2*((2*math.pi)-(2*math.pi/3)))))
P =Irms**2*R*3
Iavg = ((i1*math.pi/3)+(i1*math.pi/3))/(2*math.pi)
Itrms = math.sqrt(((i1**2*math.pi/3)+((i1/2)**2*2*math.pi/3))/(2*math.pi))

#Result
print("RMS load current = %.3f A\nPower output = %.2f A\nPeak thyristor current = %.2f A"%(Irms,P,i1))
print("Average current of thyristor = %.2f A\nRMS current of thyristor = %.2f A"%(Iavg,Itrms))

RMS load current = 18.856 A
Power output = 10666.67 A
Peak thyristor current = 26.67 A
Average current of thyristor = 8.89 A
RMS current of thyristor = 13.33 A

example 4.13, Page No.230

In [167]:
# RMS value of load current and RMS value of thyristor current

import math
#variaable declaration
V = 450.0                  # supply voltage
R = 10.0                   # per phase load resistance
mode = 180                 # conduction mode

#calculation
Rl = 1.5*R
i1 = V/Rl
#(a)
Irms = math.sqrt((1/(2*math.pi))*(((i1**2*(2*math.pi/3)))+((i1/2)**2*((2*math.pi)-(2*math.pi/3)))))
Ip = i1
Itrms = math.sqrt((1/(2*math.pi))*(((i1**2*(math.pi/3)))+((i1/2)**2*((math.pi)-(math.pi/3)))))

#Result
print("(a) RMS load current = %.2f A\n(b) Peak current of thyristor = %.0f A\n(c) RMS current of thyristor = %.0f A"%(Irms,Ip,Itrms))

(a) RMS load current = 21.21 A
(b) Peak current of thyristor = 30 A
(c) RMS current of thyristor = 15 A

example 4.14, Page No. 234

In [186]:
# Single phase full bridge inverter

import math
#variable declaration
V = 200.0                 # input voltage
w = 30.0                  # width of each pulse
n = 5.0                   # no of pulses each cycle
i =1.1                  # factor by whic input is to be increased
w1= 33.0                  # maximum width of pulse

#Calculations
#(a)
Vl = V*math.sqrt(n*w/180.0)
Vl = math.floor(Vl*100)/100
Vl1 = 182.52 #value used in the book for calculations
#(b)
Vi = V*i
sig=(180*(Vl1/Vi)**2)/n
#(c)
V = Vl1/math.sqrt(n*w1/180.0)

#Result
print("(a) Vl = %.2f V\n(b) Pulse-width = %.2f°\n(c) V = %.2f V"%(Vl,sig,V))

(a) Vl = 182.57 V
(b) Pulse-width = 24.78°
(c) V = 190.64 V

example 4.15, Page No.234

In [190]:
# Single phase full bridge inverter

import math
#variable declaration
V = 200.0              #input voltage
w = 120.0              # width of signal

#Calculations
Vl = V*math.sqrt(w/180)

#Result
print("Vl = %.1f V"%Vl)

Vl = 163.3 V

example 4.16, Page No. 235

In [192]:
# Inverter controlled by sinusoidal pulse-width modulation

import math
# variable declaration
V = 150.0                # input DC voltage
w1 = 20.0                # reference signal is more than control signal from 20° to 40°
w2 = 60.0                # reference signal is more than control signal from 60° to 120°
w3 = 20.0                # reference signal is more than control signal from 140° to 160°

#Calculations
Vl = V*math.sqrt((w1/180)+(w2/180)+(w3/180))

#Result
print("Vl = %.1f V"%Vl)

Vl = 111.8 V