Chapter 10:Theory of Failures

Example No.10.10.1,Page No.401

In [1]:
import math
from math import sin, cos, tan, pi, radians

#Initilization of Variables

P_e=300 #N/mm**2 #Elastic Limit in tension
FOS=3  #Factor of safety
mu=0.3 #Poissoin's ratio
P=12*10**3 #N Pull 
Q=6*10**3 #N #Shear force

#Calculations

#Let d be the diameter of the shaft

#Direct stress
#P_x=P*(pi*4**-1*d**3)**-1
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
#P_x=48*10**3

#Now shear stress at the centre of bolt
#q=4*3**-1*q_av
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
#q=32*10**3*(pi*d**2)**-1

#Principal stresses are
#P1=P_x*2**-1+((P_x*2**-1)**2+q**2)**0.5
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
#p1=20371.833*(d**2)**-1

#P2=P_x*2**-1-((P_x*2**-1)**2+q**2)**0.5
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
#P2=-5092.984*(d**2)**-1

#q_max=((P_x*2**-1)**2+q**2)**0.5

#From Max Principal stress theory
#Permissible stress in Tension
P1=100 #N/mm**2 
d=(20371.833*P1**-1)**0.5

#Max strain theory
#e_max=P1*E**-1-mu*P2*E**-1
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
#e_max=21899.728*(d**2*E)**-1

#According to this theory,the design condition is
#e_max=P_e*(E*FOS)**-1
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
d2=(21899.728*3*300**-1)**0.5  #mm

#Max shear stress theory
#e_max=shear stress at elastic*(FOS)**-1
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
d3=(12732.421*6*300**-1)**0.5 #mm

#Result
print"Diameter of Bolt by:Max Principal stress theory",round(d,2),"mm"
print"                   :Max strain theory",round(d2,2),"mm"
print"                   :Max shear stress theory",round(d3,2),"mm"
Diameter of Bolt by:Max Principal stress theory 14.27 mm
                   :Max strain theory 14.8 mm
                   :Max shear stress theory 15.96 mm

Example No.10.10.2.Page No.402

In [2]:
import math
from math import sin, cos, tan, pi, radians

#Initilization of Variables

M=40*10**6 #N-mm #Bending moment
T=10*10**6 #N-mm #TOrque
mu=0.25 #Poissoin's ratio
P_e=200 #N/mm**2 #Stress at Elastic Limit
FOS=2

#Calculations

#Let d be the diameter of the shaft

#Principal stresses are given by

#P1=16*(pi*d**3)**-1*(M+(M**2+T**2)**0.5)
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
#P1=4.13706*10**8*(d**3)**-1     ............................(1)

#P2=16*(pi*d**3)**-1*(M-(M**2+T**2)**0.5)
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
#P2=-6269718*(pi*d**3)**-1       ..............................(2)

#q_max=(P1-P2)*2**-1
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
#q_max=2.09988*10**8*(d**3)**-1

#Max Principal stress theory
#P1=P_e*(FOS)**-1
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
d=(4.13706*10**8*2*200**-1)**0.33333 #mm 

#Max shear stress theory
#q_max=shear stress at elastic limit*(FOS)**-1
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
d2=(2.09988*10**8*4*200**-1)**0.33333

#Max strain energy theory
#P_3=0
#P1**2+P2**2-2*mu*P1*P2=P_e**2*(FOS)**-1
#After substituting values and further simplifying we get
d3=(8.62444*10**12)**0.166666

#Result
print"Diameter of shaft according to:MAx Principal stress theory",round(d,2),"mm"
print"                              :Max shear stress theory",round(d2,2),"mm"
print"                              :Max strain energy theory",round(d3,2),"mm"
Diameter of shaft according to:MAx Principal stress theory 160.52 mm
                              :Max shear stress theory 161.33 mm
                              :Max strain energy theory 143.2 mm

Example No.10.10.3,Page No.403

In [3]:
import math
from math import sin, cos, tan, pi, radians

#Initilization of Variables

f_x=40 #N/mm**2 #Internal Fliud Pressure
d1=200 #mm #Internal Diameter
r1=d1*2**-1 #mm #Radius
q=300 #N/mm**2 #Tensile stress

#Calculations

#From Lame's Equation we have,

#Hoop Stress
#f_x=b*(x**2)**-1+a    ..........................(1)

#Radial Pressure
#p_x=b*(x**2)**-1-a      .........................(2)

#the boundary conditions are
x=d1*2**-1 #mm 
#After sub values in equation 1 and further simplifying we get
#40=b*100**-1-a           ..........................(3)

#Max Principal stress theory
#q*(FOS)**-1=b*100**2+a           ..................(4)
#After sub values in above equation and further simplifying we get

#From Equation 3 and 4 we get
a=80*2**-1
#Sub value of a in equation 3 we get
b=(f_x+a)*100**2

#At outer edge where x=r_0 pressure is zero
r_0=(b*a**-1)**0.5 #mm

#thickness
t=r_0-r1 #mm

#Max shear stress theory
P1=b*(100**2)**-1+a #Max hoop stress
P2=-40 #pressure at int radius (since P2 is compressive)

#Max shear stress
q_max=(P1-P2)*2**-1

#According max shear theory the design condition is
#q_max=P_e*2**-1*(FOS)**-1
#After sub values in equation we get and further simplifying we get
#80=b*(100**2)**-1+a
#After sub values in equation 1 and 3 and further simplifying we get
b2=120*100**2*2**-1

#from equation(3)
a2=120*2**-1-a

#At outer radius r_0,radial pressure=0
r_02=(b2*a2**-1)**0.5

#thickness
t2=r_02-r1

#Result
print"Thickness of metal by:Max Principal stress theory",round(t,2),"mm"
print"                     :Max shear stress thoery",round(t2,2),"mm"
Thickness of metal by:Max Principal stress theory 41.42 mm
                     :Max shear stress thoery 73.21 mm