Chapter 3:Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Example no:1,Page no:69

In [1]:
import math
from scipy.optimize import fsolve
#Variable declaration
A0=0.25      #[M]
At=0.15      #[M]
k=6.7*10**-4

#Calculation
def f(t):
    x=math.log10(A0/At)-(k*t)/2.303
    return(x)
t=fsolve(f,1)

#Result
print"Time taken to decrease concentration is%.3e"%t[0],"s (approx)"
print"NOTE: Approximate value taken in book"

    
Time taken to decrease concentration is7.626e+02 s (approx)
NOTE: Approximate value taken in book

Example no:2,Page no:71

In [2]:
#Variable declaration
#Initially:
A=0.1         #Concentration of A
B=0.1         #Concentration of B
rate=5.5*10**-6     #Rate of reaction initial in M/s
x=2             #exponent
y=1             #exponent

#Calculation
order=x+y        #Reaction order
k=rate/((A**x)*(B**y))        #Rate law constant in [M**2/s]

#Result
print"The rate law is k=rate/(A**2)*(B)"
print"\nRate constant is %.2e"%k,"M**2/s"
The rate law is k=rate/(A**2)*(B)

Rate constant is 5.50e-03 M**2/s

Example no:3,Page no:76

In [1]:
#Variable declaration

T=[700.0,730.0,760.0,790.0]             #Temperature in [K]
k=[0.011,0.035,0.195,0.343]      #rate constants in [L/mol s]
import numpy 
onebyT=numpy.reciprocal(T)      #Reciprocal of temperature
log_k=numpy.log10(k)             #log of k
R=8.30*10**-3       #[kJ/kmol]

#Calculation
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot(onebyT,log_k)
plt.ylabel('$log k$')
plt.xlabel('$1/T$')
plt.title('1/T vs log k\n')
slope,intercept=np.polyfit(onebyT,log_k,1)
print"Slope is",slope
plt.show()
slope=-9.9*10**3       #Slope given in book [K]
E_star=slope*(-2.303*R)     #Activation energy in [kJ/mol]

#Result
print"Activation energy of reaction is",round(E_star,1),"kJ/mol"
print"NOTE that in book slope is approximated as 9.9*10**3 K"
Populating the interactive namespace from numpy and matplotlib
Slope is -9663.82327366
Activation energy of reaction is 189.2 kJ/mol
NOTE that in book slope is approximated as 9.9*10**3 K

Example no:3.2,Page no:86

In [2]:
#Variable declaration
T1=10.0 #in min
T2=20.0 #in min
a=25.0 #amount of KMnO4 in ml at t=0min#
a1=20.0 #amount of KMnO4 in ml at t=10min or a-x value at t=10#
a2=15.7 #a-x value at t=20min#
import math

#Calculation
k1=(2.303/T1)*math.log10(a/a1) #formula of rate constant for first order reaction#
print"At t=10min rate constant k=",round(k1,5),"/min"
k2=(2.303/T2)*math.log10(a/a2) #rate constant formula#

#Result
print"\nAt t=20min rate constant k=",round(k2,5),"/min" 
print"\nNOTE:Calculation mistake in book"
print"\nIf we calculate the rate constant at other t values we will see that k values are almost constnat"
At t=10min rate constant k= 0.02232 /min

At t=20min rate constant k= 0.02326 /min

NOTE:Calculation mistake in book

If we calculate the rate constant at other t values we will see that k values are almost constnat

Example no:3.3,Page no:87

In [3]:
#Variable declaration
T=40.5 #in min#
R1=25.0 #percentage of decomposed reactant#
import math

#Calculation
R2=100.0-R1 #percentage of left out reactant which is a-x value#
R3=100.0/R2 #value of a/(a-x)#
K=(2.303/T)*math.log10(R3) #formula of rate constant for first order reaction#

#Result
print"The rate constant of the reaction is %.2e"%K,"/min" 
The rate constant of the reaction is 7.10e-03 /min

Example no:3.4,Page no:87

In [4]:
#Variable declaration
pi=0.0 #pressure of N2 at t=0#
t1=2.0 
t2=8.0 
t3=16.0 
t4=24.0 
t5=50.0 
pf=34.0 #pressure of N2 at infinity#
p1=1.6 #pressure of N2 at t=2min#
p2=6.2 #pressure of N2 at t=8min#
p3=11.2 #pressure Of N2 at t=16min#
p4=15.5 #pressure of N2 at t=24min#
p5=24.4 #pressure of N2 at t=50min#
import math

#Calculation
a=pf-pi #value of a#
a1=pf-p1 #a-x value at t=2min#
a2=pf-p2 #a-x value at t=8min#
a3=pf-p3 #a-x value at t=16min#
a4=pf-p4 #a-x value at t=24min#
a5=pf-p5 #a-x value at t=50min#
k1=(1/t1)*math.log(a/a1) #rate constant at t=2min#
k2=(1/t2)*math.log(a/a2) #rate constant at t=8min#
k3=(1/t3)*math.log(a/a3) #rate constant at t=16min#
k4=(1/t4)*math.log(a/a4) #rate constant at t=24min#
k5=(1/t5)*math.log(a/a5) #rate constant at t=50min#
k=(k1+k2+k3+k4+k5)/5 

#Result
print"Time(min):   2\t\t8\t\t16\t\t24\t\t50"
print"k1 per min  %.2e\t"%k1,"%.2e\t"%k2,"%.2e\t"%k3,"%.3e\t"%k4,"%.2e"%k5
print"\nAverage rate constant is %.3e"%k,"min^-1"
Time(min):   2		8		16		24		50
k1 per min  2.41e-02	2.52e-02	2.50e-02	2.536e-02	2.53e-02

Average rate constant is 2.498e-02 min^-1

Example no:3.5.,Page no:88

In [5]:
#Variable declaration
t1=0 
t2=4.89 
t3=10.07 
t4=23.66 
v1=47.65 #ml of alkali used  at t=0min or a value#
v2=38.92 #ml of alkali used or a-x value at t=4.89min#
v3=32.62 #ml of alkali used or a-x value at t=10.07min#
v4=22.58 #ml of alkali used or a-x value at t=23.66min#

#Calculation
x2=v1-v2 #x value at t=4.89min#
x3=v1-v3 #x value at t=10.07min#
x4=v1-v4 #x value at t=23.66min#
k22=(1/t2)*(x2/(v1*v2)) #rate constant for second order equation#

#Result
print"Rate constant k2 value at t=",t2,"min is ",round(k22,6),"/min"
k23=(1/t3)*(x3/(v1*v3)) #rate constant for second order equation#
print"\nRate constant k2 value at t=",t3,"min is ",round(k23,6),"/min"
k24=(1/t4)*(x4/(v1*v4)) #rate constant for second order equation#
print"\nRate constant k2 value at t=",t4,"min is",round(k24,5),"/min" 
print"\nAlmost constant values of k2 indicate that reaction is second order"
Rate constant k2 value at t= 4.89 min is  0.000963 /min

Rate constant k2 value at t= 10.07 min is  0.00096 /min

Rate constant k2 value at t= 23.66 min is 0.00098 /min

Almost constant values of k2 indicate that reaction is second order

Example no:3.6,Page no:88

In [6]:
#Variable declaration
t=1590 #half life of given radio active element in years#

#Calculation
k=0.693/t #formula of decay constant for first order reactions#

#Result
print"the value of decay constant is ",round(k,6),"/year"
the value of decay constant is  0.000436 /year

Example no:3.8,Page no:89

In [7]:
#Variable declaration
t1=5.0 
t2=15.0 
t3=25.0 
t4=45.0 
a=37.0 #volume of KMnO4 in cm**3 at t=0 or value of a#
a1=29.8 #volume of KMnO4 in cm**3 or a-x value at t=5min#
a2=19.6 #volume of KMnO4 in cm**3 or a-x value at t=15min#
a3=12.3 #volume of KMnO4 in cm**3 or a-x value at t=25min#
a4=5.0 #volume of KMnO4 in cm**3 or a-x value at t=45min#
import math

#Calculation
k1=(2.303/t1)*math.log10(a/a1) 
print"\nRate constant value at t=5min is %.3e"%k1,"min**-1"
k2=(2.303/t2)*math.log10(a/a2) 
print"\nRate constant value at t=15min is %.3e"%k2,"min**-1"
k3=(2.303/t3)*math.log10(a/a3) 
print"\nRate constant value at t=25min is %.3e"%k3,"min**-1"
k4=(2.303/t4)*math.log10(a/a4) 
print"\nRate constant value at t=45min is %.3e"%k4,"min**-1"
print"\nAs the different values of k are nearly same,the reaction is of first oredr."
k=(k1+k2+k3+k4)/4.0 

#Result
print"\nThe average value of k is %.3e"%k,"min**-1"
Rate constant value at t=5min is 4.329e-02 min**-1

Rate constant value at t=15min is 4.237e-02 min**-1

Rate constant value at t=25min is 4.406e-02 min**-1

Rate constant value at t=45min is 4.449e-02 min**-1

As the different values of k are nearly same,the reaction is of first oredr.

The average value of k is 4.355e-02 min**-1

Example no:3.9,Page no:89

In [8]:
#Variable declaration
k=6.0*10**-4 #rate constant of first order decomposition of N2O5 in CCl4 in /min#

#Calculation
#Part-a#
k1=k/60.0 
#Part-b#
t=0.693/k 

#Result
print"(a) Rate constant in terms of seconds is ",k1,"/s"
print"\n(b) Half life of the reaction is %.2e"%t,"min"
print"NOTE:Slight rounding off in book in final answer"
(a) Rate constant in terms of seconds is  1e-05 /s

(b) Half life of the reaction is 1.15e+03 min
NOTE:Slight rounding off in book in final answer

Example no:3.10,Page no:90

In [9]:
#Variable declaration
t1=40.0 
t2=80.0 
t3=120.0 
t4=160.0 
t5=240.0 
vi=0.0 #volume of oxygen collected at constant pressure in ml at t=0#
v1=15.6 #volume of oxygen collected at constant pressure in ml at t=40#
v2=27.6 #volume of oxygen collected at constant pressure in ml at t=80#
v3=37.7 #volume of oxygen collected at constant pressure in ml at t=120#
v4=45.8 #volume of oxygen collected at constant pressure in ml at t=160#
v5=58.3 #volume of oxygen collected at constant pressure in ml at t=200#
vf=84.6 #volume of oxygen collected at constant pressure in ml at t=infinity#
import math

#Calculation
a=vf-vi #the initial concentration of N2O5 in solution i.e a#
a1=vf-v1 #a-x value at t=40min#
a2=vf-v2 #a-x value at t=80min#
a3=vf-v3 #a-x value at t=120min#
a4=vf-v4 #a-x value at t=160min#
a5=vf-v5 #a-x value at t=200min#
k1=(1.0/t1)*math.log(a/a1) 
k2=(1.0/t2)*math.log(a/a2) 
k3=(1.0/t3)*math.log(a/a3) 
k4=(1.0/t4)*math.log(a/a4) 
k5=(1.0/t5)*math.log(a/a5) 

#Result
print"Time(min):   40\t\t80\t\t120\t\t160\t\t240"
print"k1 per min  %.2e\t"%k1,"%.2e\t"%k2,"%.2e\t"%k3,"%.3e\t"%k4,"%.2e"%k5
print"\nNOTE:Calculation mistake in book in calculating a4,it should be 38.8"
print"\nAs k value is fairly constant the reaction is first order"
Time(min):   40		80		120		160		240
k1 per min  5.10e-03	4.94e-03	4.92e-03	4.872e-03	4.87e-03

NOTE:Calculation mistake in book in calculating a4,it should be 38.8

As k value is fairly constant the reaction is first order

Example no:3.11,Page no:90

In [10]:
#Variable declaration
t1=120.0 #time in sec#
t2=240.0 
t3=530.0 
t4=600.0 
a=0.05 #initial concentration#
x1=32.95 #extent of reaction or x value at t=120sce#
x2=48.8 #extent of reaction or x value at t=240sce#
x3=69.0 #extent of reaction or x value at t=530sce#
x4=70.35 #extent of reaction or x value at t=600sce#
a1=100.0-x1 #extent of left out or a-x value at t=120sec#
a2=100.0-x2 #extent of left out or a-x value at t=240sec#
a3=100.0-x3 #extent of left out or a-x value at t=530sec#
a4=100.0-x4 #extent of left out or a-x value at t=600sec#

#Calculation
k1=(1.0/(a*t1))*(x1/a1) 
print"Rate constant value at t=120sec is %.2e"%k1,"dm**3 mol**-1.s**-1"
k2=(1.0/(a*t2))*(x2/a2) 
print"\nRate constant value at t=240sec is %.2e"%k2,"dm**3 mol**-1.s**-1"
k3=(1.0/(a*t3))*(x3/a3) 
print"\nRate constant value at t=530sec is %.2e"%k3,"dm**3 mol**-1.s**-1"
k4=(1.0/(a*t4))*(x4/a4) 
print"\nRate constant value at t=600sec is %.2e"%k4,"dm**3 mol**-1.s**-1"
k=(k1+k2+k3+k4)/4.0 

#Result
print"\n\nAverage value of rate constant is %.1e"%k,"dm**3 mol**-1.s**-1"
Rate constant value at t=120sec is 8.19e-02 dm**3 mol**-1.s**-1

Rate constant value at t=240sec is 7.94e-02 dm**3 mol**-1.s**-1

Rate constant value at t=530sec is 8.40e-02 dm**3 mol**-1.s**-1

Rate constant value at t=600sec is 7.91e-02 dm**3 mol**-1.s**-1


Average value of rate constant is 8.1e-02 dm**3 mol**-1.s**-1

Example no:3.13,Page no:91

In [11]:
#Variable declaration
t1=75.0 #time in min#
t2=119.0 
t3=183.0 
vi=9.62 #volume of alkali used in ml at t=0min#
v1=12.10 #volume of alkali used in ml at t=75min#
v2=13.10 #volume of alkali used in ml at t=119min#
v3=14.75 #volume of alkali used in ml at t=183min#
vf=21.05 #volume of alkali used in ml at t=infinity#
import math

#Calculation
k1=(1.0/t1)*math.log((vf-vi)/(vf-v1)) #formula of rate constant for first order reactions#
k2=(1.0/t2)*math.log((vf-vi)/(vf-v2)) 
k3=(1.0/t3)*math.log((vf-vi)/(vf-v3)) 

#Result
print"\nRate constant value at t=75min is ",round(k1,6),"min**-1"
print"\nRate constant value at t=119min is ",round(k2,6),"min**-1"
print"\nRate constant value at t=183min is ",round(k3,6),"min**-1"

print"\nNOTE:Slight Calculation mistake in book in k calculation above" 
print"\nAn almost constant value of k shows that the hydrolysis of ethyl acetateis a first order reaction"
Rate constant value at t=75min is  0.003261 min**-1

Rate constant value at t=119min is  0.003051 min**-1

Rate constant value at t=183min is  0.003255 min**-1

NOTE:Slight Calculation mistake in book in k calculation above

An almost constant value of k shows that the hydrolysis of ethyl acetateis a first order reaction

Example no:3.14,Page no:92

In [12]:
#Variable declaration
t=15 #the half time of given first order reaction in min#
k=0.693/t #formula of rate constant#
print"The rate constant value of the given first order reaction is  is",k,"min**-1"
a=100 #percentage of initial concentration#
x=80 #percentage of completed reaction#
import math

#Calculation
a1=a-x #percentage of left out concentration#
t1=(2.303/k)*(math.log10(a/a1)) #formula to find time taken#
t2=t1*60 

#Result
print"\nThe time taken to complete 80 percentage of the reaction is  ",round(t1,2),"min or",round(t2),"sec"
The rate constant value of the given first order reaction is  is 0.0462 min**-1

The time taken to complete 80 percentage of the reaction is   34.84 min or 2091.0 sec

Example no:3.15,Page no:92

In [13]:
#Variable declaration
t1=6.18 #time in min#
t2=18.0 
t3=27.05 
ri=24.09 #rotation in degrees when t=0min#
r1=21.4 #rotation in degrees when t=6.18min#
r2=17.7 #rotation in degrees when t=18min#
r3=15.0 #rotation in degrees when t=27.05min#
rf=-10.74 #rotation in degrees when t=infinity#
import math

#Calculation
a=ri-rf #a value#
a1=r1-rf #a-x value at t=6.18min#
a2=r2-rf #a-x value at t=18min#
a3=r3-rf #a-x value at t=27.05min#
k1=(2.303/t1)*math.log10(a/a1) 
k2=(2.303/t2)*math.log10(a/a2) 
k3=(2.303/t3)*math.log10(a/a3) 

#Result
print"Rate constant value at t=",t1,"min %.3e"%k1,"min**-1"
print"\nRate constant value at t=",t2,"min %.3e"%k2,"min**-1"
print"\nRate constant value at t=",t3,"min %.3e"%k3,"min**-1"

print"\nNOTE:Again,Calculation mistake in book"
print"\nSince rate constant values are nearly same,hence reaction is of first order"
Rate constant value at t= 6.18 min 1.301e-02 min**-1

Rate constant value at t= 18.0 min 1.126e-02 min**-1

Rate constant value at t= 27.05 min 1.118e-02 min**-1

NOTE:Again,Calculation mistake in book

Since rate constant values are nearly same,hence reaction is of first order

Example no:3.16,Page no:93

In [14]:
#Variable declaration
t1=10.0#time in min#
t2=20.0 
t3=30.0 
t4=40.0 
ri=32.4 #rotation in degrees when t=0min#
r1=28.8 #rotation in degrees when t=10min#
r2=25.5 #rotation in degrees when t=20min#
r3=22.4 #rotation in degrees when t=30min#
r4=19.6 #rotation in degrees when t=40min#
rf=-11.1 #rotation in degrees when t=0min#
import math

#Calculation
a=ri-rf #a value#
a1=r1-rf #a-x value at t=10min#
a2=r2-rf #a-x value at t=20min#
a3=r3-rf #a-x value at t=30min#
a4=r4-rf #a-x value at t=40min#
k1=(1.0/t1)*math.log(a/a1) 
k2=(1.0/t2)*math.log(a/a2) 
k3=(1.0/t3)*math.log(a/a3) 
k4=(1.0/t4)*math.log(a/a4) 

#Result
print"Rate constant value at t=10min ",round(k1,6),"min**-1"
print"\nRate constant value at t=20min ",round(k2,6),"min**-1"
print"\nRate constant value at t=30min ",round(k3,6),"min**-1"
print"\nRate constant value at t=40min ",round(k4,6),"min**-1"
print"\nSince rate constant values are nearly same,hence inversion of sucrose is of first order"
Rate constant value at t=10min  0.008638 min**-1

Rate constant value at t=20min  0.008636 min**-1

Rate constant value at t=30min  0.008707 min**-1

Rate constant value at t=40min  0.008712 min**-1

Since rate constant values are nearly same,hence inversion of sucrose is of first order

Example no:3.17,Page no:93

In [15]:
#Variable declaration
T1=27.0 #initial temparature in C#
T1=T1+273 #in kelvin#
Tr=10.0 #rise in temparature#
T2=T1+Tr #final temparature in kelvin#
r=2.0 #ratio of final to initial rates of chemical reactions(k1/k2)#
R=8.314 #value of constant R in J/K.mol#
import math

#Calculation
E=math.log(r)*R*305*295/Tr #from equation k=A*e**(-E/R*T)#

#Result
print"Activation energy of the reaction is ",round(E/1000,2),"kJ/mol"
Activation energy of the reaction is  51.85 kJ/mol

Example no:3.18,Page no:94

In [16]:
#Variable declaration
k=4.5*10**3 #value of k in /sec of a first order reaction at 1C#
E=58*10**3 #activation energy in J/mol#
T=1 #temperature in C#
T1=T+273 #in kelvin#
R=8.314 #value of constant R in J/K.mol#
import math

#Calculation
lA=math.log10(k)+(E/(2.303*R*T1)) 
k1=10**4 #value of k in /sec at some temperature#
a=math.log10(k1) 
b=lA-a 
T2=E/(2.303*R*b) 

#Result
print"The temperature at which k=1*10**4/sec is",round(T2),"K"
The temperature at which k=1*10**4/sec is 283.0 K

Example no:3.19,Page no:94

In [17]:
#Variable declaration
T1=300.0 #temperature in kelvin#
t1=20.0 #half time of chemical reaction in min at T=300K#
T2=350.0 #temperature in kelvin#
t2=5.0 #half time of chemical reaction in min at T=350K#
import math

#Calculation
k1=0.6932/t1 
k2=0.6932/t2 
l=math.log10(k2/k1) 
R=8.314 #value of constant R in J/K.mol#
E=l*2.303*R*T1*T2/(T2-T1) 

#Result
print"Rate constant of the reaction at T=300k is ",k1,"/min" 
print"\nRate constant of the reaction at T=350k is ",k2,"/min"
print"\nActivation energy of the reaction is",E,"J/mol OR",round(E/1000,1),"kJ/mol"
Rate constant of the reaction at T=300k is  0.03466 /min

Rate constant of the reaction at T=350k is  0.13864 /min

Activation energy of the reaction is 24208.2291076 J/mol OR 24.2 kJ/mol

Example no:3.20,Page no:94

In [18]:
#Variable declaration
R=8.314 #value of constant R in J/K.mol#
H=1.25*10**4 #value of E/(2.303*R).It is given in the question#

#Calculation

#Part-i#
E=H*2.303*R 
la=14.34 #value of math.log(a)#
T=670 #temperature in kelvin#
#Part-ii#
lk=la-(H/T) 
k=10**lk 

#Result
print"(i)  Activation energy is  %.2e"%E,"J mol**-1 or",round(E/1000),"kJ mol**-1"
print"\n(ii)  Rate constant at 670K is %.1e"%k,"s**-1"
(i)  Activation energy is  2.39e+05 J mol**-1 or 239.0 kJ mol**-1

(ii)  Rate constant at 670K is 4.8e-05 s**-1

Example no:3.21,Page no:95

In [19]:
#Variable declaration
Ti=27.0 #given temperature in C#
T1=Ti+273.0 #in kelvin#
t1=T1-5
Tr=10.0 #rise in temperature#
import math

#Calculation
T2=T1+Tr 
t2=T2-5
k=3.0 #value of k1/k2#
R=8.314 #value of constant R in J/K.mol#
E=math.log(k)*R*t1*t2/(T2-T1) 

#Result
print"Activation energy of the reaction is",round(E),"J mol**-1 or",round(E/1000,2),"kJ mol**-1"
Activation energy of the reaction is 82182.0 J mol**-1 or 82.18 kJ mol**-1